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MS1 > Week 10 Haematological System > Flashcards

Week 10 Haematological System Flashcards

1
Q

Haematopoeisis and Haemopoesis

A

Interchangeable terms —> describes formation of blood cells

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2
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells in the myeloid line (e.g., granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).

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3
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells in the lymphoid cell line (e.g., B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

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4
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

• The precursor cell to blood cells and begin the differentiation process.
• They are self-renewing and can make any blood cell in the body, (e.g., erythrocyte, B cell, T cell, etc.).
• They can also make other non-haematopoietic cells, when required, and are hence classed as pluripotent.
• HSCs are found predominately in the bone marrow in adults.

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5
Q

Haematopoietic Stem Cells vs Progenitor cells

A

BOTH
- Located in bone marrow
Heamatopoeitc Stem Cells
- High self renewal tendency
- Differentiate into progenitor cells
- Pluripotent
Progenitor Cells
- Limted self renewal tendency
- Differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid
- Multipotent

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6
Q

Site of haematopoiesis in an embryo

A

Yolk sac and then liver

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7
Q

Site of haematopoiesis in 3-7 month old foetus

A

Spleen

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8
Q

Site of haematopoiesis haematopoiesis in a 7-9 month old foetus

A

Begins to occur in bone marrow

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9
Q

Site of haematopoiesis between birth and maturity

A

Bone marrow and the tibia/femur

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10
Q

Site of haematopoiesis in adults

A

Bone marrow of the skull ribs and sternum

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11
Q

Types of WBCs

A

Neutrophils, Lymohocytes, monocytes eosinophil, basophil

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12
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Where lymphocytes undergo ontogeny (get made and develop in mature B and T cells)
Thymus and Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Naive lymphocytes

A

Precursor lymphocytes that differentiate into effector lymphocytes
CD4 T cell —> Helper T Cell
CD8 T cell —> Cytotxic T cell
B Cell —> Plasma cell

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14
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow (where cells develop)

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15
Q

Secondary Lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues MALT

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16
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Filters tissues borne antigens in regions rich with naive B and T cells —> allowing them to interact (which happens in the Cortex, paracortex and medulla of the lymph node)

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17
Q

Spleen Function

A

Filters blood born antigens
Has white pulp for immune response and red pulp for filtration

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18
Q

M-CSF

A

Stimulates the production and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages from hematopoietic stem cells

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19
Q

GM-CSF

A

Stimulates growth and maturation of WBC

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20
Q

G-CSF

A

Specifically stimulates the production and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow helping body fight infections

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21
Q

Thromboprotein

A

Regulates the production and maturation or platelets (thrombocytes)( from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, marinating appropriate platelet levels in the blood

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22
Q

What does multipotent myeloid stem cell differentiate into

A

Myeloid progenitor and Lymphoid progenitor

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23
Q

What does myeloid progenitor differntiate into

A

Megakaryocyte —> Platelets
Erythroblast —> Reticulocytes —> RBC
Myeloblast —> Monocyte, Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil

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24
Q

What does Lymphoid progenitor differntiate into

A

B-lymphocyte —> B plasma
T Lymphocyte
Natural Killer Cell

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25
Function of RBCs
Nutrition (gas exchange) Waste removal (pH and electrolytes; removal of carbon dioxide) Thermoregulation (via vaso constriction and dilation) Distribution (immune cells, cytokines, hormones and Immunoglobulins)
26
Bony Trabeculae in histology
Seen as thick pink stripes; structure of the bone itself
27
Active Bone marrow in histology
Pink/purple cellular elements of the bone marrow
28
Dissolved Fat in bones in histology
White spaces In adults makes about about 30-70%
29
Haeme synthesis
1. Succinyl-CoA and glycine combine to form δ-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA). 2. ALA is transported into the cytoplasm 3. A series of enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondria lead to the formation of the porphyrin ring, known as porphobilinogen (PBG). 4. Four PBG molecules combine to form hydroxymethylbilane (HMB), which is then converted into uroporphyrinogen III. 5. Uroporphyrinogen III is converted to coproporphyrinogen III. 6. Coproporphyrinogen III is further modified to form protoporphyrin IX. 7. Iron is incorporated into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme.
30
What is Haeme
• Haeme is a crucial component of haemoglobin and other hemoproteins, which play a vital role in oxygen transport and various biological processes. • Haeme synthesis occurs in the mitochondria (early and late stages) and the cytoplasm of the cell (intermediate stages).
31
Structure of Haemoglobin
Consists of 4 different protein chains (two alpha like sub units and two beta like subunits) Each subunit contains iron
32
Bohr Effect
Haemoglobin exhibits cooperativity, meaning that as one subunit binds to oxygen, it increases the affinity of the other subunits for oxygen. This enhances its oxygen- carrying capacity.
33
Turnover rates of RBCs, Granulocytes, and Platelets
RBC= 120 days Granulocytes = mere hours Platelets = 5-10 days
34
Right shift/decreased O2 affinity factors
Increased pCO2 Increased H+ Increased temp Increased 2-3DPG (has to do with lactate) Think right=exercise
35
Role of thymus
Site of development and maturation of t lymphocytes
36
Role of Spleen Including red and white pulp
Acts as a filter for blood, removing damaged or old blood cells, pathogens and cellular debris **White Pulp:** Serves as the immune response centre, initiating and coordinating immune reactions against blood borne pathogens and antigens **Red Pulp:** Primarily functions to filter and remove damaged or aged blood cells from the circulation as well as to store platelets
37
Role of lymph nodes
Filter lymph to remove pathogens and antigens, innate immune reactions and facilitate activation of T and B cells
38
Lymph Node Cortex
Outer region contains B cells and follicles
39
Lymph nodes Medulla
Inner region contains plasma cells and macrophages
40
Lymph node paracortex
Middle region constraint T cells and High endothelial venules
41
Lymph node follicles
Contractions of B cells for antibody production
42
Flow of lymph through lymph node
1. Afferent vessels 2. Subcapsular sinus 3. Lymph flows into the cortex, where B and T cells enable cell mediated immune responses 4. Lymph flows into the paracortex where T cells enable cell mediated immune responses 5. Medulla (dendritic and macrophages process antigens) 6. Exits via lymphatic vessels
43
Iron types, where they come from, solubility and oxygen affinity
**Fe3+** Source: Plants Solubility: High Oxygen Affinity: Low **Fe2+** Source: Animal Products Solubility: Low Oxygen Affinity: High
44
How is Fe3+ converted to Fe2+
By a transporter protein called DNMT-1
45
Iron Metabolism
Iron is converted to Fe2+ by DMT1 (if not already) Ferroportin enables Fe2+ to travel from the enterocytes (cells in intestine) into the blood stream When iron is not needed, Hepcidin is produced by the liver, and actively degrades Ferroportin, preventing more Fe2+ uptake into blood Transferrin (a transporter protein) oxides iron into Fe3+, increasing solubility in blood
46
How does Hypoxia effect Iron absorption
Increases levels of DMT1 Leads to decreased hepcidin Leads to increased absorption of iron (And thus more RBCs can be made)
47
How does Increased EPO (erythropoietin) levels effect iron absorption
Leads to decreased hepcidin Leading to increased released of iron into blood stream
48
How does Inflammation effect iron absorption
Leads to increased hepcidin Leading to decreased released of iron into blood stream
49
How does Haemochromatosis (iron overload) effect iron absorption
Leads to decreased hepcidin Leading to increased released of iron into blood stream
50
DMT1
A membrane [protein that transports dietary iron into interstitial cells
51
Ferroportin
A protein responsible for exporting iron from enterocytes (cells in intestine) into the blood stream Channel protein facilitating absorption of iron into intestinal cells from the lumen
52
Macrocytic Anaemia
**MCV Value:** >100 **Causes:** B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, alcoholic liver disease
53
Normocytic anaemia
**MCV Value:** 80-100 **Causes:** Renal failure, anaemia of chronic disease, leukaemia
54
Microcytic anaemia
**MCV Value:** <80 **Causes:** Iron Deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease
55
Consequences and Clinical Presentation of thalassaemia
Consequences: RBCs are fragile and prone to haemolysis —> anaemia Presentation: Pallor, Jaudice, Splenomegaly, Dyspnoea
56
Consequences of Iron Overload
Cardiac complications: cardiomyopathy and heart failure Liver damage: fibrosis, cirrhosis, impaired function Endocrine disorders: growth and puberty delays, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction Bone marrow suppression Weakened immune system Skin discolouration: bronze of slate gray hue
57
Causes of iron deficiency
Chronic Blood loss Diet Malabsorption Increased iron demand (ie pregnancy or growth) Impaired iron recycling
58
Prevelance and incidence of anaemia
24.8% of people globally, 47.4% of pre-school aged children Most common cause is iron deficiency- 50% of cases
59
Causes of Haemolytic Aaemia
Thalasseamia Stress from mechanical Valve G6PD deficiency Thrombotic state
60
Anaemia Investiagtions
CBE: for classification and aetiology (MCV) Iron studies B12/folate LDH: Hugh may suggest haemolytic anaemia Hb electrophoresis: suickle cell or thallassemia
61
how to differeintate btwn iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease?
serum ferrotin also a little bit total iron binding capacity
62
the pattern of inheritance in Haemophilia A & B?
X Linked reccessive
63
What gives rise to platelets
megakaryocytes

MS1 (17 decks)

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