Week 6- Pharmacology Flashcards
What is pharmodynamics?
the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
- what the DRUG does to the body.
What is pharmacokinetics??
the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure
- what the BODY does to the drug.
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions.
Eg pregnancy prevention
What is toxicology?
the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms.
DRUG EFFECT definition: therapeutic?
beneficial treatment
DRUG EFFECT definition: side effects?
unwanted reactions (generally mild)
DRUG EFFECT definition: toxic effects?
dangerous side effects
DRUG EFFECT definition: hypersensitivity?
allergic reactions
DRUG EFFECT definition: idiosyncratic?
unusual reaction by an individual to a normally harmless substance
DRUG EFFECT definition: latrogenic?
negative effect caused by error or OD
DRUG EFFECT definition: tetratogenic?
harmful effects on a fetus
INTERACTIONS: What is synergism?
substance that produces an effect that is MORE than expected!! (2+2= 10)
- increased effect
- could be good or bad
INTERACTIONS: What is antagonism?
opposing action, TWO meds
- only half works, blocking receptors
INTERACTIONS: What is potentiation?
to increase the strength or effect (one med does NOTHING, the other med is supersized!!)
INTERACTIONS: What is additive?
combining 2 meds and they work together happily!!!
( Tylenol and Advil they work together so they are HAPPY!!)
What is the goal of drug absorption?
from its site of administration into the body to specific target organs and tissues
ultimate goal is reaching a therapeutic concentration into the bloodstream!!
What are the 2 mechanisms of medication absorption?
active transport
passive diffusion
Define: distribution of medication?
process by which a medication moves throughout the body
What is the PRIMARY distribution vehicle of drugs?
BLOOD!!
What is biotransformation?
manner in which the body metabolizes medication > first pass effect
What is excretion?
when the body eliminates the remnants of the drug
What are three mechanisms of excretion in the kidneys?
glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
partial reabsorption
What is the chronotropoic effect on the cardiovascular system?
changes HR
What is the inotropic effect on the cardiovascular system?
changes the CONTRACTILITY of the heart
What is the dromotropic effect on the cardiovascular system?
affects the CONDUCTION speed in the AV node and subsequently the rate of the electrical impulses in the heart
What do beta blockers do?
reduce o2 demand of the heart muscle
affects beta 1 and beat 2
What is the affect of beta blockers on beta 1?
cardiac stimulation
- blocks the effect of epi and norepi thereby reducing HR
what is the affect of beta blockers on beta 2??
bronchial relaxation
- dilates blood vessels therefore reducing BP
What are beta blockers used for treatment?
slows HR and lowers BP
What is the common suffix of BETA BLOCKERS?
-LOL
What do calcium channel blockers do?
relax smooth muscle and decrease peripheral resistance
(slows HR and lowers BP)
What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?
HTN
Calcium channel blockers typical endings:
-INE
What do diuretics do to the body?
act on the KIDNEYS to excrete MORE water from the body
decreases BP by decreasing blood volume
increase the elimination of water, sodium and electrolytes
then reduces BP by reducing peripheral resistance (by decreasing BV and CO)
What are the 5 different types of diuretics?
LOOP: lasix, furosemide
osomotic: mannitol (increased ICP)
carbonic anhydrase inhibtors: acetazolamide
thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide
potassium sparing: spironolactone
What are loop diuretics?
inhibits Na+/K+/2CI transport proteins in the loop of henle
this causes a reduction in the reabsorption of sodium which significantly increases diuresis (salt goes, water followers)
some pts may also loose too much potassium so they may be on supplements of K+
What is a potassium sparing diuretic?
increases diuresis but without causing potassium to leave the body
What are thiazide diuretics?
act by inhibiting NaCi reabsorption into the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
Happens through the suppression of the sodium chloride cotransporter
**Mainly used to treat HTN, heart failure, kidney failure and diabetes
What is an antihyperlipidemic agent?
used to lower cholesterol
excessive buildup of fats in the system can cause stroke andMIs
What are common suffixes in cholesterol meds? And common names?
- STATIN!!
Pravastatin → Pravachol
Simvastatin → Zocor
Ezetimibe → Vytorin
Atorvastatin → Lipitor
Rosuvastatin → Crestor
What are antiPLATELET meds?
PREVENTS the steps of clot formation from
clot - prevention
What are common antiplatlelets?
ASA (Asaphen, Entrophen, Novasen)
Dipyridamole → Aggrenox
Clopidogrel → Plavix
Trigrelor → Brilinta
What is a common side effect of antiplatelets?
bleeding!!
What are anti coagulants?
used to make blood less viscous
increases the level of anti thrombin which inhibits clotting factors!
What are common anticoagulants?
Warfarin→ Coumadin
Pradaxa
Xarelto
Eliquis → Apixaban
Enoxaparin → Lovenox
What are ACE inhibitors primarily used for?
lowers SBP and DBP by blocking the action of angiotensin- coverting enzyme (ACE)
Who gets put on blood thinners (anticoagulants)?
Patients with AFib, MI and CVA are most commonly on these medications
What is the common ace inhibitors?
- “PRILS”
Lisinopril → Prinivil
Accupril → Quinapril
Enalapril → Vasotec
Ramipril → Altace
What are anti aginals?
Used to increase blood and O2 supply to the heart while reducing workload of the heart
Can be accomplished by vasodilation or reducing vasospasm
When the workload of the heart is decreased, the need for O2 decreases
Reduction in cardiac workload is achieved by reducing the HR
What are nitrates? And what are they used to treat?
oldest class of drugs to treat angina
dilate blood vessels and increase O2 supply to the heart
relax and dilate medium large coronary arteries and veins, this increases O2 to the heart
What do long acting beta agonist do?
Work by relaxing the muscles lining the airways!!!
What are the most common long acting beta agonists called?
LABA and corticosteroids
Why do long acting beta agonists and corticosteroids need to be taken together?
salbutamol- bronchodilator
steroids- reduces inflammation
What are common long acting beta agonist / steroid names?
Fluticasone → Flovent
Budesonide → Pulmicort
Advair- combo drug
Symbicort – combo drug
What are short acting beta agonist?
AKA relievers, rescue medications
provide short term rapid relief of asthma symptoms
reverse bronchospasm and open airways
relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle
What are common short acting beta agonist names?
Ventolin → Albuterol Blue one is → ventolin
Levalbuterol → Xopenex
Ipratropium → Atrovent
Spriva
Albuterol/Ipratropium → Combivent
What are proton pump inhibitors?
effective in treating GERD (heartburn)
decrease gastric acid levels
acting by interfering with the final step in gastric acid production
What are common proton pump inhibitors?
Typically end in “ZOLE”
Omeprazole → Prilosec
Esomeprazole → Nexium
Pantoprazole
Lansoprazole → Prevacid
What are histamine inhibitors?
Most commonly used in the treatment of GERD!! (heartburn)
Action- histamine stimulates acid secretion in the gastric cells- by production of pepsin
Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the gut
Secreted when food is present in the stomach
These medications block this stimulation from happening
What are antacids? And how long does the control last?
neutralize your stomach acid tp relieve short acting heartburn
30-60 mins (short)
What are H2 Blockers? And how long does the control last?
reduces the stomach acidity to lessen frequency and severity of heartburn
up to 12 hours
What are PPI? And how long does the control last?
helps block excess acid production to relieve severe heartburn pain
up to THREE DAYS
What is the primary goal of anti nausea medications?
it is to either block the nausea sensation in the brain or reduce the cause of the nausea!
What hormone often causes nausea?? And what happens in the body?
the release of serotonin
This is released during stress and if your gut senses something toxic
Serotonin is produced to help expel whatever is in your system out- typically through vomiting
Common anti nausea medications?
Gravol - dimenhydrinate
Ondansetron- zofran
What are common laxatives?
Senna → Senokot
Bisacodyl → Dulcolax
Docusate → Colace
PEG 3350 → Miralax
What are laxatives?
administered to relieve constipation
creates enzyme that swells in the presence of liquid
Once it swells, the bowel gets the sensation that it is full, causing them to evacuate
Can often cause bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, nausea and constipation
What is the goal of epilepsy medications?
reduce the instances of seizure by suppressing seizure activity
How does seizure medication control the seizures?
done by controlling the voltage dependent sodium channels
- Normal neurons are more negative outside the cell, and are surrounded by positively charged electrolytes
- When too many of the positives move into the cell, abnormal firing begins- this is the seizure activity
Drugs are aimed at delaying the movement of these ions- maintaining homeostatic balance
Common anti-seizure meds?
Dilantin → Phenytoin
Valproic Acid
Lamotrigine → Lamictal
Carbamazepine → Tegretol
Levetiracetam → Keppra
Where are opioids receptors found?
Opioids bind to the opioid receptors found at the base of the spinal cord , brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system
Common opioid meds?
Morphine
Hydromorphone→ Dilaudid
Oxycodone → Oxycontin
Fentanyl
Hydrocodone → Vicodin
Codeine → Tylenol #3
Tramadol → Ultram
Percocet
What are the two classifications of opioids?
Agonists- bind and stimulate the receptor, produces analgesia
Antagonist- bind to the receptor but don’t activate it
- Narcan would be an example of this
What is the purpose of opioid meds?
decrease painful sensation, threshold for pain increases
What are NSAIDS?
non steroid anti inflammatory
What is the action of NSAIDS?
reduce the production of prostaglandins chemicals that promote inflammation, pain and fever
What two enzymes create prostaglandins?
COX 1 and COX 2
What is COX 2 responsible for? and why can we NOT give NSAIDS to patients bleeding?
COX-2 is responsible for clotting factors- hence if this is decreased these patients are more susceptible to bleeding and ulcers
What is the common suffix of psychiatric meds?
Benzodiazepines - “PAMS
Common- “PAMS”
Alprazolam → Xanax
Clonazepam → Klonopin
Lorazepam → Ativan
Diazepam → Valium
Midazolam → Versed
Oxazepam
What are the 2 types of antidepressants?
TCA- Tricyclic AntiDepressant
- Mostly affect norepinephrine levels
SSRIs- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Mostly affect Serotonin levels
What are common anti depressant medications?
Amitriptyline → Elavil
Nortriptyline
Trazodone
Mirtazapine → Remeron
Bupropion → Wellbutrin
Paxil → Paroxetine
Zoloft → Sertraline
Effexor → Venlafaxine
What is the hormone being blocked in antipsychotic meds?
blocking the levels of dopamine being secreted and absorbed by the body at the medulla, brainstem and hypothalamus point
What are side effects of antipsychotics?
Often accompanied by sedative side effects
- Confusion
- Decreased ability to regulate body temp
- Weight gain
What are some common antipsychotics?
Common Meds
Olanzapine → Zyprexa
Quetiapine → Seroquel
Risperidone → Risperdal
Aripiprazole → Abilify
What type of diabetes is oral diabetic medication effective for?
Effective for treating Type II Diabetes
Work by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
Also decrease glycogenosis- process of converting glycogen to glucose
for High blood sugar!!
Common oral diabetic meds?
Metformin → Glucophage
Januvia → Sitagliptin
Glyburide → Glynase
Sitagliptin/Metformin → Janumet
What type of diabetes is insulin used for?
Used for all types of diabetes
Sole drug in Type 1 (insulin DEPENDENT)
How do hyperthyroid meds work?
depeleting excess thyroid hormones, measured by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Common hyperthyroid meds?
Methimazole → Tapazole
Propylthiourcil → Propyl-Thyracil
How does hypothyroid meds work? Common meds?
stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
mimics the natural actions of the thyroid hormones produced by the body
Levothyroxine → Synthroid
What type of infections do antibiotics treat???? Common antibiotics?
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS!!!!!!!!!
Penicillin
Gentamicin
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefixime
Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin
Amoxicillin
Symptoms of HYPERthyroidsm?
weight loss
increased appetite
heat intolerance
tachycardia
palpitations
arrhythmias
diarrhea
anxiety, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, tremors
increases hair and nail growth
increased sweating
Symptoms of HYPOthyroidsm?
weight gain
decreased appetite
cold intolerance
increased sensitivity to cold
brady
constipation
fatigue, depression, impaired memory, mental fog
hair loss and thin nails
dry skin
old ladies
