Week 6- Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmodynamics?

A

the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
- what the DRUG does to the body.

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2
Q

What is pharmacokinetics??

A

the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure
- what the BODY does to the drug.

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3
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions.

Eg pregnancy prevention

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4
Q

What is toxicology?

A

the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms.

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5
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: therapeutic?

A

beneficial treatment

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6
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: side effects?

A

unwanted reactions (generally mild)

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7
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: toxic effects?

A

dangerous side effects

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8
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: hypersensitivity?

A

allergic reactions

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9
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: idiosyncratic?

A

unusual reaction by an individual to a normally harmless substance

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10
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: latrogenic?

A

negative effect caused by error or OD

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11
Q

DRUG EFFECT definition: tetratogenic?

A

harmful effects on a fetus

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12
Q

INTERACTIONS: What is synergism?

A

substance that produces an effect that is MORE than expected!! (2+2= 10)
- increased effect
- could be good or bad

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13
Q

INTERACTIONS: What is antagonism?

A

opposing action, TWO meds
- only half works, blocking receptors

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14
Q

INTERACTIONS: What is potentiation?

A

to increase the strength or effect (one med does NOTHING, the other med is supersized!!)

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15
Q

INTERACTIONS: What is additive?

A

combining 2 meds and they work together happily!!!
( Tylenol and Advil they work together so they are HAPPY!!)

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16
Q

What is the goal of drug absorption?

A

from its site of administration into the body to specific target organs and tissues

ultimate goal is reaching a therapeutic concentration into the bloodstream!!

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17
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of medication absorption?

A

active transport
passive diffusion

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18
Q

Define: distribution of medication?

A

process by which a medication moves throughout the body

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19
Q

What is the PRIMARY distribution vehicle of drugs?

A

BLOOD!!

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20
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

manner in which the body metabolizes medication > first pass effect

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21
Q

What is excretion?

A

when the body eliminates the remnants of the drug

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22
Q

What are three mechanisms of excretion in the kidneys?

A

glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
partial reabsorption

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23
Q

What is the chronotropoic effect on the cardiovascular system?

A

changes HR

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24
Q

What is the inotropic effect on the cardiovascular system?

A

changes the CONTRACTILITY of the heart

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25
What is the dromotropic effect on the cardiovascular system?
affects the CONDUCTION speed in the AV node and subsequently the rate of the electrical impulses in the heart
26
What do beta blockers do?
reduce o2 demand of the heart muscle affects beta 1 and beat 2
27
What is the affect of beta blockers on beta 1?
cardiac stimulation - blocks the effect of epi and norepi thereby reducing HR
28
what is the affect of beta blockers on beta 2??
bronchial relaxation - dilates blood vessels therefore reducing BP
29
What are beta blockers used for treatment?
slows HR and lowers BP
30
What is the common suffix of BETA BLOCKERS?
-LOL
31
What do calcium channel blockers do?
relax smooth muscle and decrease peripheral resistance (slows HR and lowers BP)
32
What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?
HTN
33
Calcium channel blockers typical endings:
-INE
34
What do diuretics do to the body?
act on the KIDNEYS to excrete MORE water from the body decreases BP by decreasing blood volume increase the elimination of water, sodium and electrolytes then reduces BP by reducing peripheral resistance (by decreasing BV and CO)
35
What are the 5 different types of diuretics?
LOOP: lasix, furosemide osomotic: mannitol (increased ICP) carbonic anhydrase inhibtors: acetazolamide thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide potassium sparing: spironolactone
36
What are loop diuretics?
inhibits Na+/K+/2CI transport proteins in the loop of henle this causes a reduction in the reabsorption of sodium which significantly increases diuresis (salt goes, water followers) some pts may also loose too much potassium so they may be on supplements of K+
37
What is a potassium sparing diuretic?
increases diuresis but without causing potassium to leave the body
38
What are thiazide diuretics?
act by inhibiting NaCi reabsorption into the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney Happens through the suppression of the sodium chloride cotransporter ****Mainly used to treat HTN, heart failure, kidney failure and diabetes
39
What is an antihyperlipidemic agent?
used to lower cholesterol excessive buildup of fats in the system can cause stroke andMIs
40
What are common suffixes in cholesterol meds? And common names?
- STATIN!! Pravastatin → Pravachol Simvastatin → Zocor Ezetimibe → Vytorin Atorvastatin → Lipitor Rosuvastatin → Crestor
41
What are antiPLATELET meds?
PREVENTS the steps of clot formation from clot - *prevention*
42
What are common antiplatlelets?
ASA (Asaphen, Entrophen, Novasen) Dipyridamole → Aggrenox Clopidogrel → Plavix Trigrelor → Brilinta
43
What is a common side effect of antiplatelets?
bleeding!!
44
What are anti coagulants?
used to make blood less viscous increases the level of anti thrombin which inhibits clotting factors!
45
What are common anticoagulants?
Warfarin→ Coumadin Pradaxa Xarelto Eliquis → Apixaban Enoxaparin → Lovenox
46
What are ACE inhibitors primarily used for?
lowers SBP and DBP by blocking the action of angiotensin- coverting enzyme (ACE)
46
Who gets put on blood thinners (anticoagulants)?
Patients with AFib, MI and CVA are most commonly on these medications
47
What is the common ace inhibitors?
- "PRILS" Lisinopril → Prinivil Accupril → Quinapril Enalapril → Vasotec Ramipril → Altace
48
What are anti aginals?
Used to increase blood and O2 supply to the heart while reducing workload of the heart Can be accomplished by vasodilation or reducing vasospasm When the workload of the heart is decreased, the need for O2 decreases Reduction in cardiac workload is achieved by reducing the HR
49
What are nitrates? And what are they used to treat?
oldest class of drugs to treat angina dilate blood vessels and increase O2 supply to the heart relax and dilate medium large coronary arteries and veins, this increases O2 to the heart
50
What do long acting beta agonist do?
Work by relaxing the muscles lining the airways!!!
51
What are the most common long acting beta agonists called?
LABA and corticosteroids
52
Why do long acting beta agonists and corticosteroids need to be taken together?
salbutamol- bronchodilator steroids- reduces inflammation
53
What are common long acting beta agonist / steroid names?
Fluticasone → Flovent Budesonide → Pulmicort Advair- combo drug Symbicort – combo drug
54
What are short acting beta agonist?
AKA relievers, rescue medications provide short term rapid relief of asthma symptoms reverse bronchospasm and open airways relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle
55
What are common short acting beta agonist names?
Ventolin → Albuterol Blue one is → ventolin Levalbuterol → Xopenex Ipratropium → Atrovent Spriva Albuterol/Ipratropium → Combivent
56
What are proton pump inhibitors?
effective in treating GERD (heartburn) decrease gastric acid levels acting by interfering with the final step in gastric acid production
57
What are common proton pump inhibitors?
Typically end in “ZOLE” Omeprazole → Prilosec Esomeprazole → Nexium Pantoprazole Lansoprazole → Prevacid
58
What are histamine inhibitors?
Most commonly used in the treatment of GERD!! (heartburn) Action- histamine stimulates acid secretion in the gastric cells- by production of pepsin Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the gut Secreted when food is present in the stomach These medications block this stimulation from happening
59
What are antacids? And how long does the control last?
neutralize your stomach acid tp relieve short acting heartburn 30-60 mins (short)
60
What are H2 Blockers? And how long does the control last?
reduces the stomach acidity to lessen frequency and severity of heartburn up to 12 hours
61
What are PPI? And how long does the control last?
helps block excess acid production to relieve severe heartburn pain up to THREE DAYS
62
What is the primary goal of anti nausea medications?
it is to either block the nausea sensation in the brain or reduce the cause of the nausea!
63
What hormone often causes nausea?? And what happens in the body?
the release of serotonin This is released during stress and if your gut senses something toxic Serotonin is produced to help expel whatever is in your system out- typically through vomiting
64
Common anti nausea medications?
Gravol - dimenhydrinate Ondansetron- zofran
65
What are common laxatives?
Senna → Senokot Bisacodyl → Dulcolax Docusate → Colace PEG 3350 → Miralax
66
What are laxatives?
administered to relieve constipation creates enzyme that swells in the presence of liquid Once it swells, the bowel gets the sensation that it is full, causing them to evacuate Can often cause bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, nausea and constipation
67
What is the goal of epilepsy medications?
reduce the instances of seizure by suppressing seizure activity
68
How does seizure medication control the seizures?
done by controlling the voltage dependent sodium channels - Normal neurons are more negative outside the cell, and are surrounded by positively charged electrolytes - When too many of the positives move into the cell, abnormal firing begins- this is the seizure activity Drugs are aimed at delaying the movement of these ions- maintaining homeostatic balance
69
Common anti-seizure meds?
Dilantin → Phenytoin Valproic Acid Lamotrigine → Lamictal Carbamazepine → Tegretol Levetiracetam → Keppra
70
Where are opioids receptors found?
Opioids bind to the opioid receptors found at the base of the spinal cord , brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system
71
Common opioid meds?
Morphine Hydromorphone→ Dilaudid Oxycodone → Oxycontin Fentanyl Hydrocodone → Vicodin Codeine → Tylenol #3 Tramadol → Ultram Percocet
72
What are the two classifications of opioids?
Agonists- bind and stimulate the receptor, produces analgesia Antagonist- bind to the receptor but don’t activate it - Narcan would be an example of this
73
What is the purpose of opioid meds?
decrease painful sensation, threshold for pain increases
74
What are NSAIDS?
non steroid anti inflammatory
75
What is the action of NSAIDS?
reduce the production of prostaglandins chemicals that promote inflammation, pain and fever
76
What two enzymes create prostaglandins?
COX 1 and COX 2
77
What is COX 2 responsible for? and why can we NOT give NSAIDS to patients bleeding?
COX-2 is responsible for clotting factors- hence if this is decreased these patients are more susceptible to bleeding and ulcers
78
What is the common suffix of psychiatric meds?
Benzodiazepines - “PAMS Common- “PAMS” Alprazolam → Xanax Clonazepam → Klonopin Lorazepam → Ativan Diazepam → Valium Midazolam → Versed Oxazepam
79
What are the 2 types of antidepressants?
TCA- Tricyclic AntiDepressant - Mostly affect norepinephrine levels SSRIs- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Mostly affect Serotonin levels
80
What are common anti depressant medications?
Amitriptyline → Elavil Nortriptyline Trazodone Mirtazapine → Remeron Bupropion → Wellbutrin Paxil → Paroxetine Zoloft → Sertraline Effexor → Venlafaxine
81
What is the hormone being blocked in antipsychotic meds?
blocking the levels of dopamine being secreted and absorbed by the body at the medulla, brainstem and hypothalamus point
81
What are side effects of antipsychotics?
Often accompanied by sedative side effects - Confusion - Decreased ability to regulate body temp - Weight gain
82
What are some common antipsychotics?
Common Meds Olanzapine → Zyprexa Quetiapine → Seroquel Risperidone → Risperdal Aripiprazole → Abilify
83
What type of diabetes is oral diabetic medication effective for?
Effective for treating Type II Diabetes Work by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells Also decrease glycogenosis- process of converting glycogen to glucose for High blood sugar!!
84
Common oral diabetic meds?
Metformin → Glucophage Januvia → Sitagliptin Glyburide → Glynase Sitagliptin/Metformin → Janumet
85
What type of diabetes is insulin used for?
Used for all types of diabetes Sole drug in Type 1 (insulin DEPENDENT)
86
How do hyperthyroid meds work?
depeleting excess thyroid hormones, measured by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
87
Common hyperthyroid meds?
Methimazole → Tapazole Propylthiourcil → Propyl-Thyracil
88
How does hypothyroid meds work? Common meds?
stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone mimics the natural actions of the thyroid hormones produced by the body Levothyroxine → Synthroid
89
What type of infections do antibiotics treat???? Common antibiotics?
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS!!!!!!!!! Penicillin Gentamicin Cefazolin Cephalexin Cefixime Ceftriaxone Azithromycin Amoxicillin
90
Symptoms of HYPERthyroidsm?
weight loss increased appetite heat intolerance tachycardia palpitations arrhythmias diarrhea anxiety, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, tremors increases hair and nail growth increased sweating
91
Symptoms of HYPOthyroidsm?
weight gain decreased appetite cold intolerance increased sensitivity to cold brady constipation fatigue, depression, impaired memory, mental fog hair loss and thin nails dry skin ***old ladies***