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EMRG 1305 > Week 4- Pediatrics > Flashcards

Week 4- Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered a neonate?

A

birth- 1 month

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2
Q

What is considered an infant?

A

1 month - 1 year

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3
Q

What is considered a child?

A

1-11 years old

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4
Q

What is considered an adolescent?

A

12-18 years old

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5
Q

What is the difference in the head and neck of a child?

A

they have a large head, short neck and a prominent occiput

they have a large tongue

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6
Q

Describe a pediatric epiglottis:

A

long
stiff
u shaped
flops posteriorly

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7
Q

What shape is the larynx in peds?

A

funnel shape

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8
Q

Where is the larynx level at on a ped?

A

C3-C4

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9
Q

Children breath with their diaphragm, making them more prone to …..

A

gastric distention (overfill of the lungs)

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10
Q

The myocardium of the heart is less or more contractile in children??

A

LESS contractile causing the ventricles to be less compliant and LESS able to generate tension during contraction

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11
Q

What is cardiac output dependent on in children?

A

HEART RATE!!!!

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12
Q

What tone is most dominant in pediatric? Why is that a danger?

A

vagal parasympathetic tone, its a danger because you could put them into bradycardia

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13
Q

Is falling BP in a child a late or early sign of deteriorating?

A

LATE!!!

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14
Q

Approx how much blood volume per kg is there in kids?

A

~80ml/kg

10kg pt has about 800mls of blood ( 1 year old)

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15
Q

When do fontanelles close in children?

A

18 months

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16
Q

What is a concern about the blood flow in a children’s brain?

A

the poorly formed blood brain barrier which makes them more susceptible to over doses on meds

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17
Q

What is hard about controlling a babies temperature?

A

they have a large surface area to weight ratio

poorly developed shivering, sweating and

vasoconstriction mechanisms !!

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18
Q

Which one is more common in a child due to bones being weaker than ligaments?FRACTURES OR SPRAINS?

A

FRACTURES!!!

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19
Q

How do you calculate a normal pediatric pulse? (if ALS chart isnt available lol)

A

150 - ( 5 x age)

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20
Q

How do we calculate normotensive and hypotensive bp in peds?

A

normo- (2 x age) + 90

hypo- (2 x age) + 70

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21
Q

What is the weight calculation in pediatrics?

A

( age x 2 )+ 10

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22
Q

What is hypoglycemia in a child <2 y/o ??

A

<3.0 mmol/L

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23
Q

What is hypoglycemia in a child >=2 y/o ??

A

<4.0 mmol/L

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24
Q

What are the 3 categories in the pediatric assessment triangle?

A

Work of breathing
Appearance
Circulation

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25
Q

How do we tell if children are struggling to breath?

A

accessory muscle use
grunting
wheezing
retractions
tripod position

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26
Q

What temp is a fever?

A

> 37.8 ish (38)

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27
Q

What is pryexia?

A

febrile convulsions

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28
Q

What do we do to pts that have had febrile convulsions?

A

keep them cool!!

Advise family to give advil or tylenol!!!!

29
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

recurrent seizures not provoked by any other illness due to abnormal neuronal firing

30
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the menginges

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the brain?

A

Pia mater (inner)
Arachnoid mater (mid)
Dura mater (outer)

32
Q

How is meningitis spread?

A

droplets wear proper PPE!!

33
Q

What are the 2 signs that could present with meningitis?

A

kernigs sign (lose of ability to flex leg when supine or sitting)

brudzinski sign ( involuntary flexion of the arm, hip knee with neck is flexed)

34
Q

What is dehydration?

A

results from any bodily fluid loss

35
Q

What would a ped pt with dehydration look like?

A

poor skin tugor

dry mucous membranes

tongue white in colour

obvious weight loss

tachy >130bpm

depressed fontanelle in newborn w lethargy or irritability

of wet diapers

36
Q

What could cause dehydration in kids?

A

excessive vomitting/diarrhea
exposure to heat or hot conditions

36
Q

What does asthma ultimately result in?

A

hypoxia and airway obstruction and poor gas exchange

37
Q

What is asthma?

A

bronchospasm, mucus production and airway inflammation

37
Q

What could the triggers of asthma be?

A

URTI
Enviromental allergies
exposure to cold
changes in weather
physical activity
second hand smoke

38
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

mucus and inflammation in the bronchioles (tiny airways)

39
Q

How do we differentiate asthma and bronchiolitis?

A

BRONCHIOLITIS is normally proceeds a viral infection and is associated with FEVER!!

40
Q

What is the cause of bronchiolitis?

A

caused by common resp viruses, most are due to RSV!

41
Q

What is croup??

A

viral illness causes swelling of the trachea, larynx and bronchi causing resp distress!!!

often stridor and barking cough

caused by parainfluenza but could be bacterial

42
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

life threatening inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures which could lead to complete airway obstruction

43
Q

What are the 3 D’s in epiglottis presentation?

A

drooling
dysphagia
distress

44
Q

Which one has a rapid onset?

A

epiglottitis

45
Q

Which one presents with dyspnea?

A

epiglottitis

46
Q

Which one has a barking cough

A

Croup

47
Q

Which one would the pt be unable to speak?

A

epiglottitis

48
Q

Which disease is viral and which one is bacterial?

A

epiglottitis- bacterial
croup- viral

49
Q

How do we treat croup (not meds)?

A

with keeping anxiety to a minimum

expose to cool, humidified air
(take them outside)

50
Q

What are the indications for the croup medical directive as per ALS?

A

barking cough or current hx of UTRI

51
Q

What are the conditions for EPI in the croup directive:

A

6 months- <8 years old
<200bpm
stridor at rest

52
Q

What are the conditions for DEX in the croup directive:

A

6 months- <8 years old
unaltered LOA
for mild, moderate and severe croup!!

53
Q

What are the contraindications for EPI? (croup directive)

A

ax or sensitivity

54
Q

What are the contraindications for DEX? (croup directive)

A

ax or sensitivity to steroids

steroids received within the last 48 hours

unable to tolerate oral medications!!!

55
Q

What is the treatment (<10kg, dose, route, concentration, max) for EPI in the croup directive??

A

Weight <10kg
- NEB
- concentration 1mg/1ml
- dose 2.5 mg
- max does 1

56
Q

What is the treatment (>=10kg, dose, route, concentration, max) for EPI in the croup directive??

A

Weight >=10kg
- NEB
- concentration 1mg/1ml
- dose 5 mg
- max does 1

57
Q

What is the treatment (dose, route, max) for DEX in the croup directive??

A

0.5mg/ kg
max dose of 8mg

58
Q

What is the max weight a pt to be to get the max amount of dex you are able to give:

A

16kg= 8mg
35 lbs

59
Q

How old does a pt need to be in order to fit into the croup medical directive??

A

> 6 months - <8 years old!!!

60
Q

What is epiglottits?

A

severe inflammation of the supraglottic structures!!

61
Q

Symptoms of epiglottis progress rapidly: T or F??

A

T

62
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

an acute febrile illness of unknown etiology that primarily affects children younger than 5 years

63
Q

What is sudden infant death syndrome?

A

can occur any time within the 1st year, highest during the 1-6 month

healthy infant which dies by unknown causes!!!!

64
Q

What is commotio cordis?

A

blunt force to the chest during the relative refractory period putting someone into cardiac arrest

65
Q

When hit by a car which way do children usually turn towards?

A

TOWARDS the impact!
Thrown in front of the vehicle

66
Q

Injury sites of a pediatric struck by a vehicle:

A

1st Impact Site – Bumper of Car
**Abdomen / Pelvis / Femurs

2nd Impact Site – Hood of Car
**Chest / Head/Face

3rd & Final Impact Site – Ground or Road
**Striking Head

67
Q
A

EMRG 1305 (10 decks)

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