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Personality and individual differences PPP-2014-0 > Week 6: Measurement of intelligence and personality > Flashcards

Week 6: Measurement of intelligence and personality Flashcards

1
Q

Why might we want to measure individual differences like personality and intelligence? (5)

A

1)To place children in educational streams
2)To decide job fit
3)In clinical settings for diagnosis
4)For research theories
5)For self-understanding

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2
Q

What makes a good test?

A

Validity
Reliability
Temporal stability
Cross-cultural application
Ability to measure the unconscious
Predictive value

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3
Q

What does the acronym LOTS stand for in personality data collection?

A

L : Life record data
O : Observer report data
T : Test data
S : Self-report data

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4
Q

What is the Projective Hypothesis (Frank, 1939)?

A

A person’s description of an ambiguous stimulus reveals something they do not know about themselves.

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5
Q

What are the types of personality tests?

A

Projective tests: Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Objective tests: Psychometric tests like NEO, BFI, MMPI, and Myers-Briggs.

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6
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A

A projective test using 10 ambiguous inkblot cards to reveal unconscious aspects of personality.
Test includes free association and inquiry phases.

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7
Q

What is the Holtzman Inkblot Test (HIT)?

A

A standardised version of the Rorschach test, using pre-defined characteristics for scoring and designed for group testing.

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8
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

Uses 30 pictures to assess personality by interpreting themes from the stimuli.

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9
Q

What are some non-pictorial personality assessment methods?

A

Word Association Tasks (e.g., Lamp, love, father)
Sentence Completion Tasks (e.g., “I am __________”, “What annoys me is __________”)
Figure Drawing Tasks (e.g., Draw a Person Test, House-Tree-Person Test)

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10
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of subjective personality tests?

A

Strengths: Access to subconscious, flexibility, in-depth insights, therapeutic engagement.
Weaknesses: Subjectivity of interpretation, time-consuming, cultural bias, lower reliability and validity.

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11
Q

What are the strengths of objective personality tests?

A

Scoring and administration follow clear rules.
Quick and cost-effective.
Good reliability and validity.
Objective and easy to score.

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12
Q

What is the NEO Personality Test?

A

Developed by Costa and McCrae to measure the five-factor (OCEAN) model of personality.Available in many versions, including NEO-PI-R and NEO-FFI-3.

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13
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the NEO Personality Test?

A

Strengths: In-depth versions available, assesses both positive and negative aspects, can be shared non-threateningly.
Weaknesses: May not be suitable for all populations, measures general personality only, subject to test distortion.

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14
Q

What is the Big Five Inventory (John et al., 1991)?

A

A 44-item test used to measure the five-factor model of personality (OCEAN).
It’s short, free, and psychometrically reliable.

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15
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of the Big Five Inventory?

A

Strengths: Excellent psychometric properties, quick to administer, free to use.
Limitations: Measures dimensions, not types, and may lack detail.

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16
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of objective personality tests?

A

Strengths: Good reliability and validity, standardized, easy/quick to administer.
Weaknesses: Lack of depth, rigidity of items, social desirability bias, overemphasis on quantification.

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17
Q

What are the methods used for cognitive intelligence testing?

A

Based on biological and psychophysiological models.
Measures: Brain size, evoked potentials, and response times.

18
Q

What is the correlation between brain size and intelligence?

A

Early theorists believed in a correlation, and modern MRI studies support this connection

19
Q

What are Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECTs)?

A

Simple tasks that measure processes like memory, visual search, reaction times, and inspection times.
Used to correlate with standardized intelligence tests

20
Q

What are evoked potentials and how do they relate to intelligence?

A

EEG and ERP studies measure brain activity and processing time.
Some studies suggest brain activity correlates with intelligence and personality, but results are mixed.

21
Q

What is reliability in psychological research?

A

The consistency or repeatability of a test or measurement method over time.

22
Q

What is validity in psychological research?

A

The accuracy of a test, or how well it measures what it’s intended to measure.

23
Q

What is temporal stability in psychological measurement?

A

The consistency of test scores over time.

24
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

A test cannot be valid if it is not reliable, but a reliable test does not necessarily mean it is valid.

25
Q

What factors influence the choice of a test for measuring individual differences?

A

Theoretical perspective, what you want to measure, time available, and ability to use the measure correctly.

26
Q

What are the strengths of Subjective Personality Tests? (4)

A

1)Access to subconscious aspects
2)Flexibility and rich data
3)In-depth personal insights
4)Therapeutic engagement

27
Q

What are the weaknesses of Subjective Personality Tests? (4)

A

1)Subjectivity of interpretation
2)Time-consuming
3)Cultural bias
4)Lower reliability and validity

28
Q

What are the strengths of Objective Personality Tests?

A

1)Scoring and administration follow well-defined rules
2)Quick and cost-effective to administer
3)Good reliability and validity
4)Objective measurement

29
Q

What are the weaknesses of Objective Personality Tests?

A

1)Lack of depth
2)Rigidity of items
3)Social desirability bias
4)Overemphasis on quantification

30
Q

What is the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae)?

A

Measures the Five Factor Model (OCEAN)
Versions: NEO-PI-3, NEO-PI-R, NEO-FFI-3
Available in 40 languages
Used in a variety of contexts

31
Q

What are the strengths of the NEO Personality Inventory? (4)

A

1)In-depth versions available
2)Assesses both positive and negative aspects of personality
3)Results can be shared in a non-threatening way
4)Multiple ways to administer

32
Q

What are the limitations of the NEO Personality Inventory? (3)

A

1)Cannot be used with all populations
2)Measures general personality only
3)Subject to “motivated test distortion”

33
Q

What is the Big Five Inventory (John, Donahue & Kentle, 1991)?

A

1)44-item test
2)Translated into 9 languages
3)Based on short phrases to measure the Five Factors

34
Q

What are the strengths of the Big Five Inventory?

A

1)Excellent psychometric properties
2)Quick to administer
3)Accessible vocabulary
4)Free to use

35
Q

What are the limitations of the Big Five Inventory?

A

1)Measures dimensions, not types
2)Short measure that may not capture full detail
3)Personality changes over time

36
Q

What is cognitive intelligence testing based on?

A

Biological and/or psychophysiological models of intelligence

37
Q

What are methods used to measure cognitive intelligence?

A

Brain size (e.g., MRI studies)
Evoked potentials (e.g., EEG and ERP studies)
Response times (e.g., elementary cognitive tasks)

38
Q

What is the relationship between brain size and intelligence?

A

Early theorists believed there was a correlation; modern studies (MRI) suggest it may be true.

39
Q

What are Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECT)?

A

Simple tasks measuring processes like memory, visual search, reaction times, and inspection times, correlated with intelligence scores.

40
Q

What is Temporal Stability?

A

Consistency of scores over time; relevant for whether personality or intelligence changes over time.

41
Q

What is the difference between Reliability and Validity?

A

Reliability: Consistency of a measure
Validity: Accuracy of the measure, i.e., whether the test measures what it intends to measure

Personality and individual differences PPP-2014-0 (12 decks)

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