Week 10: culture and diversity Flashcards
What is culture?
Culture includes ideas, beliefs, habits, and practices learned from others, such as attitudes, norms, roles, and traditions (Heine, 2016).
What are explicit and implicit cultural characteristics?
Explicit: Visible traits like language, customs, and traditions.
Implicit: Subtle, less visible traits like attitudes, values, and perceptions.
Is any society culturally homogeneous?
No, all societies exhibit cultural diversity.
What does WEIRD stand for in cultural research?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.
Why is WEIRD science a limitation in personality research?
Findings may not generalize to non-WEIRD populations due to cultural biases in the research context.
What is the reference group effect?
People evaluate themselves based on cultural norms and standards, which can affect cross-cultural comparisons.
What are the three approaches to studying personality across cultures?
Etic Approach: Focuses on universal traits across all cultures.
Emic Approach: Focuses on culture-specific traits.
Combined Etic-Emic Approach: Balances universal and culture-specific perspectives.
What is an example of an etic perspective in personality?
The Big Five Personality Traits being consistent across cultures.
What is an example of an emic perspective in personality?
Understanding emotional expressions within the context of specific cultural norms.
What is psychological anthropology?
The study of individuals and their sociocultural communities, focusing on personality, biology, and environment.
What are the three approaches in psychological anthropology?
Configurationalist Approach: Culture reflects shared personality traits among members (e.g., Ruth Benedict).
Personality Structure Approach: Links personality to primary and secondary institutions (e.g., Basic and Modal Personality).
National Character Approach: Maps psychological traits characteristic of nations.
What are Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture?
Power Distance: Acceptance of inequality in power.
Uncertainty Avoidance: Tolerance for ambiguity and risk.
Individualism vs. Collectivism: Focus on individual vs. group needs.
Masculinity vs. Femininity: Value placed on competition vs. care.
Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation: Focus on future rewards vs. present.
Indulgence vs. Restraint: Freedom to satisfy desires vs. regulation by social norms.
What is the nativist vs. empiricist debate in intelligence?
Nativist: Intelligence is mostly inborn.
Empiricist: Intelligence develops through environmental factors.
What influences intelligence besides genetics?
Early development, education, SES, and epigenetics (environment influencing gene expression).
What is emotional intelligence (EI)?
The ability to understand and manage your own emotions and those of others.
