Week 5 Intro to intelligence

Question 1

What are the two main definitions of intelligence?

Answer 1

A set of skills that allow us to understand, reason, learn, adapt, and overcome obstacles (Shiraev & Levy, 2013).
The ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, and correctly utilize thought and reason (APA Dictionary of Psychology).

Question 2

According to Sternberg (2012), how is intelligence defined?

Answer 2

Intelligence is one’s ability to learn from experience and adapt to, shape, and select environments.

Question 3

What are the two types of intelligence identified by Raymond Cattell?

Answer 3

1)Fluid intelligence: Abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities; culture-free and stabilizes in adulthood.
2)Crystallized intelligence: Application of learned knowledge and experience; culture-specific and increases with age.

Question 4

How is practical intelligence different from academic intelligence?

Answer 4

Practical intelligence (“street smarts”) focuses on problem-solving and common sense, while academic intelligence (“book smarts”) emphasizes cognitive skills and knowledge.

Question 5

Who developed the concept of general intelligence (g)?

Answer 5

Charles Spearman.

Question 6

What is the difference between “g” and “s” in Spearman’s theory?

Answer 6

g: General intelligence; the underlying capacity to process complex information.
s: Specific abilities unique to certain tasks.

Question 7

What was Francis Galton’s contribution to the study of intelligence?

Answer 7

Introduced the idea of natural intellectual ability as inherited.
Founded the biometric approach to genetics.
Advocated for eugenics but did not develop a measure of intelligence.

Question 8

How did Alfred Binet approach the measurement of intelligence?

Answer 8

Focused on assessing children’s ability to learn and problem-solve.
Published the first intelligence test with practical tasks.

Question 9

What was the purpose of the Binet-Simon Scales (1905)?

Answer 9

To measure a child’s mental age and compare it to their chronological age.

Question 10

How is IQ calculated?

Answer 10

IQ = (Mental age / Chronological age) × 100.

Question 11

Who developed the concept of IQ, and who revised it?

Answer 11

Developed by William Stern (1912).
Revised by Lewis Terman (1916).

Question 12

What is considered a high IQ, and what is considered limited intellectual functioning?

Answer 12

High IQ: Over 130 (2 standard deviations above the mean).
Limited intellectual functioning: Below 70 (2 standard deviations below the mean).

Question 13

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and what does it measure?

Answer 13

Developed by David Wechsler (1941).
Measures verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

Question 14

What makes Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test unique?

Answer 14

It is a culture-free, non-verbal test focusing on abstract reasoning and cognitive functioning.

Question 15

How did Lewis Terman revise the Binet-Simon Scales?

Answer 15

Adapted the test for use in the USA.
Extended it to include adults and introduced the term “intelligence quotient.”

Question 16

What are the five factors measured in the Stanford-Binet 5 (2003)?

Answer 16

Fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

Question 17

What was the purpose of the Army Alpha and Beta tests?

Answer 17

To assess the intelligence of US Army recruits during World War I.

Question 18

What was the difference between the Army Alpha and Beta tests?

Answer 18

Alpha: Designed for literate soldiers; included tasks like solving arithmetic problems and sentence rearrangement.
Beta: Designed for illiterate soldiers; included tasks like picture completion and geometric construction.

Question 19

What are some limitations of IQ tests? (4)

Answer 19

1)Tests can measure things other than intelligence.
2)Scores may increase with practice.
3)Tests can have floor and ceiling effects.
4)General knowledge may be culturally biased.

Question 20

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 20

The observation that IQ scores have increased over time across populations.

Question 21

Why can IQ tests be problematic in cross-cultural contexts?

Answer 21

Tests may measure intelligence in culturally biased ways.
They may favor certain types of knowledge or skills not relevant in other cultures.

Question 22

What was the purpose of the BITCH-100 test?

Answer 22

To highlight cultural differences in intelligence testing by focusing on knowledge specific to African American culture.