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Mari 112 > Week 6: Invertebrates 2 > Flashcards

Week 6: Invertebrates 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many marine animal phyla are there

A

33

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2
Q

90% of marine species are

A

Marine invertebrates

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3
Q

How many marine animal phyla are dominated by crustaceans and molluscs

A

11

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4
Q

There are more _____ species but more _____ phyla

A

Terrestrial species, marine phyla

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5
Q

Ocean contains what portion of worlds species

A

15-25% (2,200,000 species)

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5
Q

Percent of earths surface as ocean

A

70%

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6
Q

Life in the ocean has been how much longer than on land

A

9 times longer

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7
Q

Why low marine diversity

A
  1. Differences in primary production - lower in the oceans
  2. A higher per area net primary productivity on land
  3. A higher productivity can support more complex and diverse ecosystems
  4. Lower 3-d habitat complexity in the ocean and hence less niche diversity
  5. Smaller and short-lived primary producers in the ocean
  6. Minimal complex plant habitats in the ocean
  7. Populations well connected, so less chance of isolation
  8. Marine species have larger geographic range
  9. Few barriers for reproduction
  10. More habitat complexity on land and hence greater niche diversity
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8
Q

Low marine diversity in fish shown by total fish species between fresh and saltwater

A

17,000 species in salt
15,000 species in fresh

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9
Q

Global patterns in marine biodiversity

A
  1. Highest diversities in the western regions and at low latitudes for coastal species
  2. Oceanic taxa had highest diversities at 30-60 degrees north and south
  3. Diversities higher near the coast and along boundaries current
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10
Q

Drivers of longitudinal patterns in biodiversity

A
  1. Western regions have a more complex structure
  2. Energy input, cold water upwelling in east
  3. Prevailing westward flow of equatorial currents
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11
Q

Species accumulate which way due to equatorial currents and prevailing winds

A

East to west

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12
Q

Vertebrate species peak at what latitude

A

Equatorial

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13
Q

Invertebrate species peak at which latitude

A

Higher latitude

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14
Q

Reasons for vertebrate and invertebrate different latitudinal patterns

A
  1. Fish more abundant at equator
  2. Fish so dominant in equator that they outcompete invertebrates
  3. Benthic invertebrate have an advantage at colder temperatures
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15
Q

Species richness peaks at the equator are being more spread out due to

A

Climate change

16
Q

Key biological processes in the ocean

A
  1. Feeding (suspension/detritus feeding)
  2. Reproductive strategies
  3. Movement
  4. Gas exchange
  5. Soft bodies and body composition
  6. Excretion
17
Q

Food for marine invertebrates

A
  1. DOM
  2. POM
  3. Plankton (pelagic)
  4. Nekton (pelagic)
  5. Pelagic detritus
  6. Benthic food (deposits and detritus plants, animals)
18
Q

Feeders who concentrate and remove particles suspended in the water column

A

Suspension feeders

19
Q

Suspension feeders consume particles which can include

A

Phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria and detritus

20
Q

Suspension feeders feed by

A

Trapping or filtering water

21
Q

Feeders who obtain nutrients from sediment in soft bottom habitats

A

Deposit feeders

22
Q

Two types of deposit feeders

A
  1. Direct deposit feeders, which swallow large quantities of sediment directly (lugworms)
  2. Selective deposit feeders, which use tentacles to consume the sediment (sea cucumber)
23
Q

Specialised selective deposit feeding structures

A

Lobes, tentacles, proboscis

24
Q

Viscosity

A

A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

25
Q

How does viscosity affect animals

A
  1. Allows many animals to live suspended off the sea floor
  2. Allows small animals to generate movement
  3. Reduces movement in small zooplankton to darting movements
26
Q

How do macro invertebrates deal with viscosity

A

By being slow moving or sedentary with streamlining

27
Q

Overcoming high viscosity requires

A
  1. Expending energy
  2. Asymmetric feeding patterns and small scale eddies
  3. Increasing Reynolds numbers at the filler structure by speed
28
Q

Feeding on small particles is a

A

low Reynolds number process

29
Q

The main excretory product for all aquatic invertebrates

A

Ammonia, as water provides a convenient medium for its rapid dilution

30
Q

Excreting ammonia requires

A

no energy but lots of water

31
Q

Because ammonia is highly soluble

A

It readily diffuses through fluids and tissues and is lost across the body wall

32
Q

Creatures that excrete through body wall of skin/gut lining

A

Filter feeders, such as sponges and cnidarians

Mari 112 (6 decks)

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