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Mari 112 > Week 5: Invertebrates 1 > Flashcards

Week 5: Invertebrates 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 reasons why we need to study zooplankton

A
  1. Dominate the biomass in the ocean
  2. Key part of biological processes in the largest liveable place on the planet
  3. A link between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels in the ocean (benthic animals/fish/marine mammals and birds)
  4. Drive the biological pump, which removes CO2 from the atmosphere
  5. Most marine species spend part of their lifecycle in the plankton as zooplankton (recruitment in fisheries)
  6. Drive many of the biological res[onses of the ocean to climate variability
  7. Many ‘pest’ species (toxic algae, jellyfish outbreaks
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2
Q

Zooplankton definition

A

Animals living in the pelagic zone at the mercy of water movement

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3
Q

Diversity and classification of zooplankton

A

Size, taxa, life history, diet and trophic level

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4
Q

Plankton classification by size

A
  1. Nano plankton (2-20 pm)
  2. Micro zooplankton (20-200 pm)
  3. Mesoplankton (0.2 - 20mm)
  4. Macro zoo plankton (2-20cm
  5. Mega plankton (> 20cm)
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5
Q

7 major zooplankton phyla

A
  1. Arthropods
  2. Cnidarians
  3. Ctenophores
  4. Chordata
  5. Chaetognatha
  6. Molluscs
  7. Polychaetes
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6
Q

Estimated and known zooplankton species

A

Known = 5,700
Estimated = 28,000

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7
Q

Most zooplankton are crustaceans, the most common species are

A
  1. Copepods
  2. Euphausiids
  3. Amphipods
  4. Ostracods
  5. Mysids
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8
Q

Two types of cnidarians

A
  1. Hydroza (feed with tentacles and have a float/can’t swim)
  2. Scyphozoans/Cubozoans (Capture food with tentacles, true jellyfish, can swim)
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9
Q

Ctenophores are also known as

A

Comb jellies (use ciliated bands for locomotion)

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10
Q

Urochordata characteristics

A
  1. Salps
  2. Movement by contracting circular muscles to cause jet propulsion
  3. Intake of water also used for feeding
  4. Can form massive aggregations through asexual reproduction
  5. Grows very quickly and can increase body weight by 40% per day
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11
Q

Chaetognath characteristics

A
  1. Arrow worms, 2nd only to crustaceans in abundance
  2. Important predators intermediate between small zooplankton and fish
  3. 3mm to 12cm
  4. Head has grasping spines used to capture prey
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12
Q

Mollusca characteristics

A
  1. Shell lost/thinned or used for floatation and shelter
  2. Swim by wing like parapoda
  3. Important predators in polar waters
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13
Q

Mero plankton and holoplankton

A

Meroplankton are planktonic for parts of their life (fish and benthic species)

Holoplankton are planktonic throughout their whole life (Copepods, salps, larvaceans, etc)

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14
Q

What percent of marine species have a planktonic larval stage

A

80-90%

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15
Q

Importance of larval stages in marine ecology

A
  1. Drive population dynamics (distribution, recruitment, abundance, movement)
  2. Connectivity and population genetics
  3. Aquaculture and fisheries
  4. Invasive processes
  5. Responses to environmental change
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16
Q

Planktonic larval stages influence

A

Recruitment in fisheries and hence catch sizes and sustainability

17
Q

The oceans biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere

A

The biological pump

18
Q

If the biological pump was switched off

A

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations would increase to 700 ppm in 200 years

19
Q

Zooplankton lifespan

A

Weeks to months

20
Q

Zooplankton are a measure of

A

Health in the ocean

21
Q

Physical processes of zooplankton variability

A
  1. Ocean circulation, upwelling
  2. Stratification
  3. Fronts, eddies
  4. Tides
  5. Internal waves
22
Q

Biological processes of zooplankton variability

A
  1. Primary productivity
  2. Behaviors (vertical migration)
  3. Life-cycles (larval stages)
23
Q

Productivity drives differences in

A

Zooplankton and food pelagic foodwebs

24
Q

How is patchiness caused by the interaction of plankton behavior and water movement

A

Krill are good swimmers, and when they are displaced into deeper water, they will return to the surface, and when combined with water movement, this behavior leads to aggregations and patchiness.

25
Q

Largest movement of animals that occurs at all latitudes

A

Diel vertical migration (DVM)

26
Q

How is DVM characterized

A

Vertical movement of zooplankton from a deep location (500m) during the day to a surface location at night

27
Q

Types of DVM

A

Classic DVM, Reverse DVM

28
Q

Why undertake DVM

A
  1. Predator avoidance (harder to see at night)
  2. Metabolic advantages (conserve energy by feeding and residing in cool waters)
  3. Dispersal and transport
  4. Larval retention and transport (tidal flows)
  5. Avoid UV damage
  6. Overwintering (when surface production is reduced)
  7. Life histories (reproduction in deep water away from predators)
29
Q

Zooplanktons three key mechanisms to the biological pump

A
  1. Physical transport
  2. Vertical migrations
  3. Biological gravitational pump
30
Q

Phytoplankton, carbon and the biological pump

A
  1. Currently the ocean is taking up 90 gt of carbon per year
  2. 50 gt is fixed by phytoplankton
  3. 20-25 million tons each day
  4. 12 Gt locked away by the biological pump
  5. We emitted about 40 Gt in 2023
31
Q

1 gigatonne =

A

1 billion tons

32
Q

Zooplankton DVM moves carbon

A

below the thermocline (mesopelagic migratory pump)

33
Q

Why are multi-year mesoplankton samples useful indicators of ocean changes

A
  1. Abundant and relatively easy to quantify and standardise, even using different methods
  2. They amplify hydroclimatolof=gical signals
  3. Short life-cycles of a few weeks/months means they are responsive to change but live long enough to be sampled
  4. Few zooplankton are fished so their responses are likely due to environmental change
  5. They are the main trophic link between phytoplankton and larger vertebrate predators
34
Q

Long term time series need to account for

A

variability over several oceanographic oscillations or cycles

35
Q

long term oceanographic oscillations influence

A

zooplankton cycles

Mari 112 (6 decks)

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