Week 2: Primary productivity

Question 1

Primary productivity is

Answer 1

The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substances by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Question 2

Primary producers are often called

Answer 2

Autotrophs or Lithotrophs

Question 3

Autotrophs are able to

Answer 3

Produce their own food from energy and inorganic molecules

Question 4

Lithotrophs are derived by greek terms

Answer 4

Litho (rock) and troph (consumer) meaning eaters of rock

Question 5

Photosynthesis: light reaction

Answer 5

Traps light energy and converts it to chemical potential energy

Question 6

Photosynthesis: dark reaction

Answer 6

Uses chemical potential energy to fix carbon via the Calvin cycle

Question 7

Energy from light used to reduce carbon from CO2 and to split H2O is an

Answer 7

Electron Donor

Question 8

Photosynthesis in the ocean provides

Answer 8

Oxygen and energy, which would result in little marine life without it

Question 9

Photosynthesis provides what for us

Answer 9

Food and oxygen

Question 10

The enzyme that fixes CO2 into organic carbon and is probably the most important enzyme on earth

Answer 10

Rubisco

Question 11

Collects light energy for photosynthesis

Answer 11

Chlorophyll

Question 12

Pigments occur in

Answer 12

The light harvesting complex

Question 13

Through excitation, pigments funnel energy to

Answer 13

The reaction centre

Question 14

Organisms that undergo chemosynthesis convert

Answer 14

One or more carbon molecules into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (such as Sulphide) or methane as a source of energy

Question 15

Many organisms for fisheries obtain a portion of their diet from

Answer 15

Chemosynthetic food sources

Question 16

Seagrass habitats provide

Answer 16

Chemosynthesis-based ecosystem services

Question 17

Primary productivity is expressed in

Answer 17

Grams of carbon bound into organic material per square metre of ocean surface area per year (c/m^2/yr)

Question 18

Percentage of contribution to primary productivity

Answer 18

90% phytoplankton
2-5% seaweed
?% sea grass
2-5% chemosynthesis

Question 19

The ocean makes up what percentage of the earths surface

Answer 19

93%

Question 20

Overall contribution to earths primary productivity from the ocean

Answer 20

50%

Question 21

90% of our fish comes from what percent of the ocean (also percentage of coastal waters)

Answer 21

7%

Question 22

Coastal waters contribute to what percent of marine productivity

Answer 22

25%

Question 23

Importance of primary productivity

Answer 23

1. Fixes carbon and is the base of marine food webs
2. Provides oxygen that we and fish like to breathe
3. Role in carbon controlling atmospheric CO2 and climate (e.g biological pump)

Question 24

Limitation of productivity

Answer 24

Law of the minimum

Question 25

Main limitation to primary productivity

Answer 25

Light

Question 26

Euphotic zone

Answer 26

1. Section of the ocean where primary productivity occurs 2. characterized as the depth at which 1% of surface light remains 3. Enough light for positive growth and productivity when costs of respiration are accounted for

Question 27

Euphotic zone depth

Answer 27

200m at its clearest

Question 28

Coastal seas have much _____ photic zone than offshore oceanic water

Answer 28

Shallower

Question 29

The vast majority of the ocean is too ____ for photosynthesis

Answer 29

Dark

Question 30

Primary limiting nutrient in the ocean

Answer 30

Nitrogen

Question 31

Nutrient often limits growth of diatoms and is often depleted following blooms

Answer 31

Silicate

Question 32

A major component of proteins, nucleic acids

Answer 32

Nitrogen

Question 33

A component of cell walls, Atp, cell walls

Answer 33

Phosphorus

Question 34

Found in diatom cell walls

Answer 34

Silicon

Question 35

Micro nutrient, important component of chlorophyll

Answer 35

Iron

Question 36

Sufficient levels of light and nutrients equals

Answer 36

High levels of productivity

Question 37

What are Algae

Answer 37

1. Algae are Eukaryotic (contain a nucleus) 2. Members of the kingdom Protisa 3. Are not plants

Question 38

Algae defining characteristics

Answer 38

1. Flagella at some stages of life cycle (except red seaweeds) 2. Reproduce by spores and have no roots 3. Mostly photosynthetic (autotroph) 4. Mostly aquatic

Question 39

Algal classification

Answer 39

1. Photosynthetic pigments 2. Characteristics of flagella 3. Cell wall material 4. Structure (do they occur singular, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular forms)

Question 40

Algal taxonomy

Answer 40

Chlorophyta (green) Ochrophyta (brown) Rhodophyta (red) Dinophyta

Question 41

Chlorophyta

Answer 41

Green algae that are ancestors of the kingdom Plantae

Question 42

Ochrophyta

Answer 42

Brown algae that includes diatoms

Question 43

Rhodophyta

Answer 43

Red algae that are the most diverse and oldest algal group

Question 44

Dinophyta

Answer 44

Dinoflagellates - single-celled phytoplankton with flagella

Question 45

Major primary producers and important bloom-forming phytoplankton

Answer 45

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

Question 46

Known diatom species to exist

Answer 46

>5,600

Question 47

Essential nutrients for growth of diatoms

Answer 47

Silica, Iron, Nitrogen

Question 48

Diatoms contain

Answer 48

Silica cell wall or frustule

Question 49

Diatom accessory pigment

Answer 49

Fucoxanthin

Question 50

Number of dinoflagellate species

Answer 50

2000

Question 51

Dinoflagellate characteristics

Answer 51

1. 90% marine 2. Unicellular 3. Thick-walled zygote formed via sexual reproduction 4. 40% of species have no chloroplasts 5. Thecal plates secreted within an outer cell membrane

Question 52

Dinoflagellate flagella are

Answer 52

Posterior and transverse

Question 53

Algal blooms have a chance to be

Answer 53

Toxic

Question 54

Harmful algal blooms are caused by

Answer 54

Microscopic plankton and macroalgae

Question 55

Low mixing, high nutrients, warm temperatures, and high light lead to

Answer 55

Exponential growth

Question 56

Harmful algal blooms can give major implications for

Answer 56

Food safety, productivity and rates of mortality in aquaculture

Question 57

People who harvest fish that have consumed algal blooms in tropical reefs have contracted

Answer 57

Ciguatera poisoning

Question 58

Ciguatera poisoning symptoms

Answer 58

Reversal of temperature sensation, muscular aches, dizziness, anxiety, sweating, and numbness of mouth

Question 59

Macroalgae are commonly called

Answer 59

Seaweed

Question 60

Macroalgae characteristics

Answer 60

1. Multicellular macroscopic 2. Vast majority are photosynthetic 3. Key primary producers in coastal seas

Question 61

Chlorophyta characteristics

Answer 61

1. Most closely related to vascular plants 2. Cellulose cell wall 3. Pigment chlorophyll B

Question 62

Ochrophyta characteristics

Answer 62

1. Filamentous complicated kelp species 2. Cell wall made of alginate 3. Accessory pigment fucoxanthin

Question 63

Rhodophyta characteristics

Answer 63

1. Absence of flagella on spores and gametes 2. Accessory pigments: Phycoerythrin, phycocyanin 3. Cell wall contains agar and carrageenan 4. Deepest know organisms

Question 64

Algae importance

Answer 64

1. Major primary producers 2. Only 1% of plant biomass, around 40% photosynthesis on earth 3. Bottom of foodweb giving animals food and shelter

Question 65

Marine angiosperms

Answer 65

Advanced vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seed

Question 66

Only marine plant

Answer 66

Seagrasses

Question 67

Kelp forest and seagrass populations are in

Answer 67

Decline

Question 68

Nz seagrass species

Answer 68

Zostera Muelleri

Question 69

Dominant marine primary producers and marine flora

Answer 69

Algae