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PSY1008 > Week 6 - Introduction to Mental Health > Flashcards

Week 6 - Introduction to Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What were the beliefs on mental illness during the ancient Greece period?

A
  • Used to think mental illness was due to imbalance of bile/liquids
  • Treatment method: Demonological (evil spirits and exorcisms)
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2
Q

In what century were asylums introduced?

A

15th century

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3
Q

What were the key points in history regarding clinical psychology, during the 20th century?

A
  • Shift from biology to psychology; Emil Kraeplin as the founder of modern psychiatry
  • Psychodynamics perspective (Freud)
  • Humanistic perspective (Rogers)
  • Behavioural perspective
  • Cognitive perspective
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4
Q

What is the definition of mental health?

A

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his/her community (WHO, 2021)

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5
Q

What are the factors influencing mental health?

A
  • Social
  • Psychological
  • Biological
    (based on the Biopsychosocial Model of Health)
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6
Q

Definition of stigma

A

Negative attitudes and beliefs, that usually come from inaccurate information

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7
Q

Definition of Psychopathology

A

Study of symptoms and development of psychological disorders

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8
Q

Definition of Psychological Disorder

A

Pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms

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9
Q

Definition of Lifetime Prevalence

A

Likelihood of someone experiencing disorder at some point in their life

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10
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A
  • A complete list of various disorders and the symptoms/criteria associated with it
  • Lists 20 categories of disorders, and covers more than 300 disorders
  • Published in 2013
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11
Q

What are the different ways to assess disorders?

A
  • Unstructured interviews
  • Structured interviews
  • Projective tests
  • Questionnaires
  • Neuropsychological testing
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12
Q

Explain unstructured interviews

A
  • Initially gather information concerning status individual
  • Building rapport with client
  • Identify areas of consideration for diagnosis
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13
Q

Explain structured interviews

A
  • Uses similar questions across clients to provide consistency
  • Questions are based on criteria taken from DSM-5
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14
Q

Give examples of projective tests

A
  • Rorschach inkblot test
  • Thematic apperception test
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15
Q

What are the pros of projective tests?

A
  • Informal format; Allows greater flexibility in administration and less likely to prompt social desirability
  • Potentially assess unconscious conflicts and desires
  • Good for rapport building (non-threatening)
  • Helps to generate hypotheses about diagnosis
  • Adds to “larger picture” of overall assessment
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16
Q

What are the cons of projective tests?

A
  • Reliability is questionable, even with scoring guide
  • Not great at predicting behaviour long-term
  • Does not always help in understanding behaviour
  • Clinicians may pursue wrong avenue for diagnosis
17
Q

Examples of questionnaires used to assess disorders

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI)
  • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
  • Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)
18
Q

Examples of neuropsychological testing used to assess disorders

A
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
  • Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSSI)
19
Q

Explain the Wechsler Tests

A
  • Used to assess general level of cognitive functioning
  • IQ, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
20
Q

What do diagnostic categories do?

A
  • Describe patterns of experiences/behaviours that may be causing distress and/or be seen as difficult to understand
21
Q

Explain Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • A memory disorder that results from vitamin B1 deficiency and is associated with alcoholism
  • Ability to learn new information is impaired
22
Q

What are the differences between psychiatric and physical diagnoses?

A
  • There are not always physical tests for psychiatric diagnoses
  • No firm evidence that mental distress is caused by biochemical imbalances, genes or the brain (except some, ex. dementia)
  • Our brains are involved in everything we do but not always the cause of abnormal behaviour
  • The theory that mental distress is best understood as a kind of physical illness (ex. diabetes, cancer) is not fully supported
23
Q

What are the problems with the DSM?

A
  • Over-reliance on ‘medical’ model
  • Categories, not dimensions
  • Some propose that it should have biological explanations and specific treatments included in it
  • People often get more than one diagnosis (Shift categories over time)
  • People can have ‘sub-threshold’ problems but experience more impairment than those who meet the full criteria
  • Psychiatrists often do not agree on the diagnosis, particularly for common disorders like depression and anxiety
24
Q

What did Regier et al. (1990) find about comorbidity and addiction?

A
  • 37% of individuals with alcohol use disorder also have a psychiatric disorder
  • 53% of individuals with drug use disorder also had a psychiatric disorder
  • 29% of individuals with a psychiatric disorder also had a substance use disorder
25
Q

What are the effects of the overlap between addiction and other disorders?

A
  • Disruption of social or recreational activities
  • Social or interpersonal problems
  • Hazardous/risky situations
  • Failure to fulfill work, school or home obligations
26
Q

Why is comorbidity a problem?

A
  • How do we know which comes first (chicken or egg Q)?
    *If addiction is responsible for depression/anxiety due to withdrawal, then the treatment should focus on addiction
    *If depression/anxiety is responsible for addiction (coping mechanism/self-medication), treatment should focus on depression/anxiety
    *Basically, we have to address the root cause
27
Q

Arguments for Diagnostic Categories

A
  • Fundamental part of clinical psychology
  • Helps identify useful inventories
  • Validates the patient’s experiences
28
Q

How do diagnostic categories help people?

A

Can help people to:
- Feel like their experiences “make sense”
- Feel less alone
- Feel worthy of (and ask for) help and care
- Feel less guilt or self-blame for their difficulties
- Feel hope for treatment and recovery
- Find a language to explain their difficulties to others

29
Q

What are the possible problems with diagnostic categories?

A
  • Some feel that diagnosis is a barrier to recovery (self-fulfilling prophecy)
  • Diagnosis might make people feel ‘different’ and feel more alone/isolated
  • Diagnosis may not capture experiences that have caused current difficulties
30
Q

What are the issues with DSM?

A
  • Includes some conditions that are too “normal” to be considered disorders
  • Uses arbitrary cutoffs
  • Gender bias
  • Insufficient sensitivity to cultural diversity
31
Q

What are the changes being considered to be made in DSM-5?

A
  • Use of biological markers as diagnostic tools
  • Rating of disorders/symptoms on a scale
  • Dimensional approach toward a disorder
32
Q

What are the new disorders rejected to be added into DSM-5?

A
  • Attenuated psychosis syndrome
  • Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
  • Internet gaming disorder
33
Q

What disorders in DSM-5 were revised?

A
  • Bereavement exclusion
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
    (Increased age symptoms from 7 to 12, Min. number of symptoms in adults increased to 5)
  • Bulimia Nervosa
    (Frequency of binge-eating reduced to once a week)
  • Anorexia Nervosa
    (Reduction of less than 85% of the body weight)
  • Learning disabilities in math, reading and writing were combined as Specific Learning Disorder
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder removed from Anxiety Disorders to a new category
34
Q

Criticisms of DSM-5

A
  • Many “work group” members quit midway
  • Leaders of mental health organizations boycotted the DSM-5; Most vocal critic was Allen Frances (led the development of the previous DSM)
  • Diagnostic overexpansion
  • Transparency of the revision process
  • Background of the DSM-5 authors
  • Field trial problems (Testing of DSM-5 was not very unreliable)
  • Price is quite high, despite it being required by students and practitioners and etc.
  • Breadth of coverage
  • Controversial cutoffs
  • Cultural issues
  • Gender bias
  • Little input from practitioners
35
Q

What did Allen Frances say about the DSM-5?

A
  • Changes were unsafe and scientifically unsound
  • Medical illnesses were diagnosed as somatic symptom disorder
  • DSM-5 will mislabel normal people, promote diagnostic inflation, encourage inappropriate medication use
36
Q

What are the strengths of the DSM-5?

A
  • Emphasis on empirical research
  • Use of explicit diagnostic criteria
  • A degree of interclinician reliability
  • A theoretical language
  • Facilitated communications between researchers and clinicians

PSY1008 (11 decks)

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