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PSY1008 > Week 2 - Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Approaches to Personality > Flashcards

Week 2 - Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four psychoanalysts

A
  1. Sigmund Freud
  2. Alfred Adler
  3. Carl Jung
  4. Karen Horney
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2
Q

What are the three dimensions of personality?

A
  • Conscious (Ego)
  • Preconscious (Superego)
  • Unconscious (Id)
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3
Q

Explain Conscious and Ego

A
  • Conscious: information in your immediate awareness
  • Ego is the rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality (It balances Id’s urges with Superego’s constraints)
  • Ego operates via reality principle (long-term gratification)
  • the “Ego” = You
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4
Q

Explain Preconscious and Superego

A
  • Preconscious: information that can easily be made conscious
  • Superego is the moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality
  • Superego controls moral/rule-bound behaviour (ideals, ethics)
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5
Q

Explain Unconscious and Id

A
  • Unconscious: thoughts, feelings, urges and wishes that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness
  • Id is the irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality (not concerned with morals or social rules)
  • Id works according to the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
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6
Q

What did Freud say on how Ego, Id and Superego interact with one another?

A

Ego has to compromise between the external world (given circumstances), the superego (morals and ideals) and the id (unconscious needs/desires)

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7
Q

Name the 5 stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud

A
  1. Oral Stage
  2. Anal Stage
  3. Phallic Stage
  4. Latency Stage
  5. Genital Stage
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8
Q

Describe the Oral Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • Up to 2 years old
  • Focus on oral pleasure (e.g., feeding, thumb-sucking)
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9
Q

Describe the Anal Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • 2 to 3 years old
  • The primary focus is on controlling bladder and bowel movements (ex. toilet train)
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10
Q

Describe the Phallic Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • 4 to 5 years old
  • Focus on genitals; realisation of physical male/female differences
  • Lead to psychological gender differences
  • Ex. Oedipus/Electra complexes
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11
Q

Describe the Latency Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • 6 years until puberty
  • With key conflicts resolved, child represses sexuality and channels energy into social and intellectual pursuits
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12
Q

Describe the Genital Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • Onwards from puberty
  • Sexual and aggressive drive returns
  • Seeks pleasure through sexual contact with others
  • Ego and superego has now fully developed
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13
Q

Describe the Freud’s Oedipus Complex

A
  • Occurs during the Phallic stage of psychosexual development
  • Involves a boy (3-6yo) becoming subconsciously sexually attached to his mother
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14
Q

Describe Freud’s Electra Complex

A
  • Occurs during the Phallic stage of psychosexual development
  • Involves a girl (3-6yo) becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father
  • Proposed by Freud but the term was coined by Carl Jung
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15
Q

What did Carl Jung say about Freud?

A

Believed that Freud over-emphasized sexuality

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16
Q

What did Carl Jung say about personality?

A
  • Proposed a ‘collective unconscious’
  • Focused on dual aspects of the personality (Private self vs. Persona presented to others)
  • Therapy should help the expression of the unconscious; an ally, not an enemy

side note: He rejected scientific methods, instead embraced a ‘mythological approach’

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17
Q

Explain the Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)

A
  • A form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain.
  • We forget everything at birth due to trauma
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18
Q

What did Alfred Adler say about Freud?

A

Believed Fred over-emphasized sexuality

19
Q

What are the three things proposed by Alfred Adler?

A
  1. People consciously strive to improve their lives (towards superiority)
  2. Relationships shape individuals; so does desire to contribute to society
  3. Individuals focus on compensating for painful inferiorities (inferiority complex; e.g., child who felt inferior emphasising toughness as an adult)
20
Q

What did Karen Horney say about personality?

A
  • Culture is a primary influence on an individual’s personality
  • Women are ‘socialised’ into gender roles, and not that they are ‘destined’ to fulfill them by biology or psychology
21
Q

Explain Humanistic Psychology

A
  • It states that people have an innate tendency towards self-actualization; Personality formed by the motivation to reach full potential
  • Emphasis on the present, rather than the past or future
  • Self-reflection and choice are key to development
  • Came from Abraham Maslow and Carl R. Rogers
22
Q

What did Abraham Maslow say about personality?

A
  • Focused on a person-centred approach to personality
  • Criticised psychology’s focus on psychopathology to understand personality
  • Thought that focus on health & thriving was more informative (positive psychology movement)
23
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

The realisation or fulfilment of one’s talents and potential

24
Q

When is it believed for peak experiences to occur?

A

Peak experiences occur when people are engaged in self-actualising activities -> “Flow”

25
Q

Explain the Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • Development begins with basic needs (motives) similar to animals
  • Once lower needs are satisfied, behaviour is then driven by more uniquely human motives
  • Humans don’t necessarily follow the sequence of hierarchy (e.g., refuse to eat something even if they are starving
26
Q

What are the components of being in the “Flow”? (name atl. 5)

A
  • Activity is challenging and skillful
  • One’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity
  • Activity has clear goals
  • Presence of clear feedback
  • Concentration can only be on the current task
  • Achievement of personal control
  • Loss of self-consciousness
  • Loss of sense of time
27
Q

Explain Person-Centred Therapy

A
  • Application of Rogerian therapy makes clients more fully functioning and happier
  • Involves creating a proper relationship with clients (Open, genuine and reflection)
28
Q

What is the humanistic approach to personality?

A
  • States that personality is defined by growth-promoting experiences (actualising tendency)
29
Q

Based on the humanistic approach, what influences personality with age?

A
  • When we are young, internal experiences influence personality and this occurs naturally in infants (ex. food and security)
  • With age, external rules replace inner experiences & desires and change personality
  • Environment may interact with our motivations which produce fear and defensiveness (e.g., parents, schools, peers, etc.)
30
Q

Explain consistency in the self

A
  • We (i) organise our values to maintain self-concept and (ii) behave in ways consistent with ‘self’
  • No consistency between self and behaviour creates conflict, doubt and distress
31
Q

Explain self image, ideal self, congruence and incongruence

A
  • Self image: Current perception of self
  • Ideal self: Self we aspire to be in the future
  • Larger overlap between our self image and our ideal self = congruence = healthy
  • When behaviour is not consistent with sense of self, individual is distressed at ‘not being themselves’
32
Q

Psychodynamic vs. Humanistic (Name atl. 3 differences)

A

Psychodynamic:
1. Control by unconscious forces
2. Personality fixed based on early life experiences
3. Adult psychological experiences = Repeating conflicts of the past
4. Impulses denied = Health personality functioning
5. Anxiety caused by unacceptable biological impulses of Id

Humanistic:
1. Control by own actions/choices
2. Personality is not fixed; Development is lifelong
3. Adult psychological experiences = Achieving self-actualising
4. Congruence = Healthy personality functioning
5. Anxiety caused by incongruence between self and one’s experience

33
Q

General Critiques on the Humanistic Theory

A
  • Theory may be too optimistic on human behaviour
  • Majority of theories are not supported by evidence, more based on assumptions
  • Certain constructs hard to define, even by humanists (ex. self-actualisation)
34
Q

General Critiques on the Psychodynamic Theory

A
  • Too focused on psychiatric patients
  • No clear way of refutingaspects of psychodynamic theory; often not testable or falsifiable
  • Theories often not based in scientific, empirical research
35
Q

What did Freud get wrong?

A
  • Psychosexual Stages of Development
  • Penis envy/castration anxiety
  • Oedipus/Electra complexes
36
Q

What did Freud get right?

A
  • Unconscious cognitive processes
  • Talking therapies
  • Repressed memories
  • Defense mechanisms
  • Profound cultural legacy
37
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Techniques of eqo to deal with unwanted thoughts & desires, and to reduce/avoid anxiety

38
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain repression

A
  • Forceful forgetting; Pushing threatening material out of consciousness
  • Requires constant expense of energy
39
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain sublimation

A
  • Channeling impulses into socially acceptable actions to distract ourselves from the actual problem
  • Usually rewarding
40
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain displacement

A
  • Channeling impulses to non-threatening objects
  • Displaced impulses do not lead to rewards
41
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain denial

A
  • Refusal to accept that certain facts exits
42
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain reaction formation

A
  • Acting in a manner that is opposite to your “threatening” unconscious desires
43
Q

Defense Mechanism: Explain projection

A
  • Attributing the negative thoughts/emotions you have to someone else
44
Q

What are the evidence for defense mechanisms?

A
  • Baumeister, Dale & Sommer found support for many (but not all) defense mechanisms
  • Sublimation: no evidence
  • Denial: some evidence
    *People make more external attributions for failure than success
  • Reaction formation: good evidence
    *Adams, Wright & Lohr’s experiment on homophobic individuals

PSY1008 (11 decks)

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