Week 6 - Intersectionality & IPV Flashcards
What has traditional IPV research focused on?
Primarily on heterosexual relationships with male perpetrators and female victims.
How have feminist models of IPV been valuable?
By highlighting patriarchal dynamics but unintentionally excluding non-heteronormative relationships (LGBT individuals, female perpetrators).
What are some criticisms of the feminist paradigm in IPV research?
Focuses on heterosexual relationships
Overlooks IPV in same-sex relationships and female perpetrators
Fails to capture the full range of motivations outside traditional gender roles
Which group has been shown by statistical evidence to experience more IPV?
Lesbian and bisexual women experience more IPV than any other group.
What does the critique of the gender paradigm in IPV research suggest?
It assumes IPV as male expressions of patriarchal dominance, limiting understanding of the complexity of IPV.
Why is there a need for more inclusive approaches in IPV research?
To address the specific needs of LGBT individuals, women of color, and those of low socioeconomic status, who are often marginalized by feminist models.
What are the limitations of the Duluth model in IPV treatment?
Focuses on heterosexual male batterers
Takes a gendered approach
Displays heteronormative bias
Leads to inadequate policy interventions
What are some reasons women may perpetrate IPV?
For control, retaliation, communication, and anger; they may have different treatment needs, such as higher rates of personality disorders and financial stress.
What does the Illinois model suggest for IPV treatment?
It suggests gender-segregated groups for treatment but still relies on feminist Duluth interventions and fails to address the specific needs of LGBT populations.
What biases do current IPV treatment models often have?
They are heteronormative and based on models like Duluth, CBT, and couples counseling, which may not fully address the needs of all populations.
What are some unique treatment needs for LGBT individuals experiencing IPV?
Issues such as threats to reveal sexual orientations and the role of shame in motivation for violent behavior.
What is the connection between intergenerational trauma and IPV in Indigenous women?
Intergenerational trauma from the residential school system is linked to higher rates of IPV, but there is limited research on this connection.
What is intergenerational trauma in the context of residential schools?
Trauma experienced by survivors is passed down through generations, exacerbated by social structures, affecting family life, substance abuse, and IPV.
How is substance abuse linked to intergenerational trauma and IPV?
Substance abuse, often a coping mechanism, is linked to higher IPV rates and increases the severity of physical assaults.
What socioeconomic challenges do Indigenous women face that contribute to IPV?
Unemployment, poverty, low education, and one-parent households.
What is the relationship between PTSD and substance abuse in residential school survivors?
PTSD is prevalent among survivors, and substance abuse is often used as a coping mechanism, creating a reciprocal relationship.
What impact did residential schools have on parenting and family dynamics?
The absence of parenting role models and trauma contributed to dysfunction, affecting parenting skills and family life.
How did addiction and neglect manifest in Indigenous families affected by residential school trauma?
Parental addiction led to child neglect, children taking on parental roles, and witnessing domestic violence.
What is the cycle of abuse observed in families affected by intergenerational trauma?
Violence witnessed in the home became normalized, leading to repeated behaviors and a cycle of abuse across generations.
How did trauma from residential schools affect participants’ relationships and sense of safety?
Trauma led to sexual abuse, IPV, and challenges with relationships, often resulting in withdrawal to avoid being hurt.
What psychological and emotional abuse tactics were used in dysfunctional relationships?
Manipulation, intimidation, threats of suicide, name-calling, harassment, and mind games.
What barriers prevented Indigenous women from leaving abusive relationships?
Threats of violence against family, lack of support, and becoming complacent or accepting of abuse.
What role did the normalization of violence in families and communities play in IPV?
Gradual escalation of violence made it difficult to recognize its seriousness, and the cycle of abuse continued through generations.
What were some of the long-term impacts of residential schools on family lives and IPV?
Lack of role models, normalization of violence, and role confusion contributed to difficulties in forming healthy relationships and increased IPV.
Why Consider Alternative Perspectives?
IPV affects all groups, regardless of: Age, Gender, Sexuality, Ethnicity, Background
Similar impact across groups, but:
Different experiences can create unique vulnerabilities.
IPV may manifest differently in various populations.
Importance of Tailored Interventions
One-size-fits-all approach may overlook important risk factors.
Tailored treatments are often limited by:
Lack of understanding
Resource constraints
Is Current Practice Too Narrow?
Current literature focuses mostly on:
Heterosexual relationships
Male perpetrators, female victims
A lens of misogyny, power, and control
Broadening the Perspective
Critics argue this view is too narrow.
Need to consider:
Female perpetrators in heterosexual relationships
Same-sex IPV
IPV in LGBTQ+ relationships
Mainstream Perception vs. Reality - female perpetrators
feminist theory frames female violence as:
Self-defense or less significant than male-perpetrated IPV.
Women report being more aggressive in some studies.
Mutual violence is common, with women striking first more often (Stets & Straus, 1989).
Lesbian relationships may involve higher violence levels than gay male or heterosexual relationships.
Types of Abuse and Severity - women perpetrators
Non-physical abuse (psychological, financial, controlling):
Often seen as less serious than physical violence.
Less likely to be seen as requiring intervention.
Physical abuse:
Considered more serious when impact and severity increase.
Psychological and physical abuse:
Both genders perpetrate equally (Swan et al., 2008), but:Men suffer fewer injuries, making female-perpetrated violence seem less serious.
Bidirectional Violence
60% of IPV was bidirectional.
Unidirectional violence: ~17% male-on-female, ~23% female-on-male.
Mutual violence leads to:
Worse outcomes and more severe violence.
Sexual violence: Mostly unidirectional, with men as primary perpetrators.
Implications for Intervention - women perpetrators
Mainstream interventions often focus on educating men about patriarchy, power, and control.
Alternative approach: Focus on:
Conflict management.
Attachment styles.
Addressing aggression in both partners, especially in bidirectional violence.
General Model of Aggression - psychological abuse
Female violence linked to similar predictors as male violence, suggesting a general aggression model
Parental Rejection
Borderline Personality Disorder
Trauma
Anger
Emotional Dysregulation
associated with psychological abuse - more in women
Predictors of Physical Assault
slapping, throwing things
Anger – Stronger correlate for women (Spencer, Keilholtz, & Vail, 2024).
Antisocial & Borderline Personality Traits
Relationship Conflict (increases stress)
Communication Problems (increases stress)
Dominance
Negative Attributions about the Partner
Substance Abuse
Predictors of Severe Assault men vs women
Sexual Abuse Victimization History, Relationship Conflict, Violence Approval (stronger for men).
Substance Abuse and PTSD were risks for men but not women.
Dominance, anger, antisocial traits, communication problems, jealousy, negative attributions, criminal history, neglect history, stressful conditions.
Why do crime statistics support the feminist model of IPV?
Crime statistics show more men being charged and convicted of IPV offenses than women, reinforcing the feminist model of IPV
Criticism: This fails to consider stigma and barriers to reporting for male victims.
How does society react to male-on-female violence compared to other forms of IPV?
Male-on-female violence is the most likely form to be condemned by third parties, leading to the perception that male victimization “matters less” to the average person.
What is coercive control, and how does it challenge the feminist perspective?
Coercive control is often seen as gendered and linked to patriarchy, but research (Bates & Graham-Kevan, 2016) shows men and women perpetrate it equally.
Women were found to be more physically aggressive and controlling than men in some cases.
How are male victims of IPV perceived compared to female victims?
Male victims receive more negative attitudes than female victims
Men are more likely to minimize violence and less likely to seek help.
Their victimization is seen as less important due to typically experiencing less severe violence.
How is IPV against men viewed when the perpetrator is female?
IPV against men is often seen as more acceptable and even funny when the perpetrator is female.
Male victims are more likely to be blamed for the violence
What impact does the gendered approach to IPV have on male victims?
The gendered approach has led to a “cycle of silence” around male victimization, where men are:
Not considered victims.
Ignored by society.
This leads to inappropriate responses to male victimization.
Do professionals exhibit biases in IPV cases involving male victims?
Yes, professionals such as psychologists and judges have been found to hold gender biases when dealing with IPV cases, often overlooking male victimization
How do masculine and patriarchal values impact male victims’ willingness to seek help?
Masculine values teach men to be self-reliant, show little emotion, and maintain power and control
view help seeking as weak or shameful
How are male victims treated when defending themselves?
Men who defend themselves may be charged with IPV or mocked by police.
How does IPV impact male victims’ mental health and identity?
Damages masculine identity, leads to relationship loss, mental health issues, and feeling the world is against them.
How do stereotypes affect male victims?
Masculinity is linked to perpetration, making female-on-male violence seen as less serious and men expected to control the situation.
How do female perpetrators use gender stereotypes?
Women use stereotypes to cast men as perpetrators, leading to low reporting and secondary victimization.
less likely to suffer consequences from protection orders
How does societal treatment impact male victims?
Negative treatment leads to aggression, while support leads to positive outcomes.
feel blamed because of their gender
