Midterm Flashcards
what is violence
Actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm of another person that is deliberate and nonconsenting.
physical harm
Assault, use of deadly force (serious physical harm, assault with a
weapon), sexual assault
serious psychological harm and examples
Fear of physical injury, or psychological consequences that substantially interfere with a person’s health or well-being.
Threats, intimidation, forced confinement
criteria for violence
impact someone other than perpetrator
intentional, reckless, negligent
non-consensual and illegal
acute vs chronic physical injuries
acute - sudden, minor = cuts, severe = internal bleeding
chronic - long term over time, minor = headaches, severe = loss of function
acute vs chronic trauma
acute - nervousness, hyper vigilance, nightmares
chronic - major mental illness
impacts to daily life
relationships
productivity
overall enjoyment
categories of violence
self directed violence - suicidal behaviour, self harm
collective violence - political, social, economic
interpersonal violence - community, family
intimate partner violence definition and examples
Violence perpetrated against a victim by a current or former intimate partner
physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological violence
4 main behaviours in IPV
intimidation - non-explicit threat intended to induce fear
threats - explicit threats of physical harm
physical harm - conduct that will or is likely to cause bodily harm
sexual harm - conduct that will or likely cause sexual harm
gaslighting
intentionally causing someone to doubt themselves and their sanity
manipulation
to maintain control - partner accepts abusers reality
forms of IPV
financial abuse
spiritual abuse
reproductive control
coercive control
technology-violence
digital IPV
manifests in harassment, stalking
tracking, accessing, monitoring, hidden cameras, image based abuse, doxxing
severe IPV and examples
Conduct that will (or is likely to) cause grievous or life-threatening injury
weapons, vulnerable, strangling, medical attention, obvious danger like arson
chronic IPV and examples
Violence that happens a lot and/or over a long period of time
months or years
cycle of violence over long period
impact of IPV on reproductive and sexual health
pregnancy, pregnancy associated death, preterm birth, low birth weight
sti
peripartum depression
impacts of physical harm
contusions, lacerations, fractures
chronic pain, GI issues, brain injuries, cvd
impacts of psychological harm
major mental disorders, suicidal behaviour, eating disorders, substance abuse, concentration issues, functioning issues, blame and guild, somatization
impact of IPV on children
attachment
social, emotional, psychological development
feeling threatened
heightened risk of mental disorders
increased risk of becoming a victim and perpetrator
who has a higher risk of IPV?
women aged 18-24, ethnic minorities, mental and physical disabilities, low SES
increases in IPV since 2014
adult IPV, IPV against seniors, intimate partner sexual assault, physical assault, harassment
most common forms of IPV
physical assault, sexual assault, uttering threats, criminal harassment
why are rates of IPV increasing in canada
more education, better reporting, better law enforcement education
what stops victims from reporting IPV
informal help, “caring period”, financial dependence, fear, isolation, lack of knowledge, help is ignored
risk factors conducive to lower reporting
lower education, poor ses, substance abuse, prior exposure to abuse, partner dependence, mental illness
history of IPV
prior to legal reform
penetration, man against woman, without consent, outside marriage bonds
impact of COVID-19 on IPV rates
isolation, increase stress - disrupt relationships
children at home
take frustrations out on partners
increased boredom, substance abuse, lack of control
less social support
increased used of weapons
impact of COVID on those with pre existing vulnerabilities
disabilities, depression, anxiety
diagnosed with COVID - linked with neighbourhood factors
increased psychological violence most
provinces and territories with increased IPV and why
sask, manitoba, nunavut
rural areas, more police presence, indigenous population, education levels
myth of IPV
false allegations
very few come forward, told not to come forward
feminist theory of IPV
impact of gender inequality, sexism, and patriarchy
patriarchy encourages men to be dominant and creates a power dynamic reflected in intimate relationships
womens violence is self defence
the womens movement
fight for basic rights - education, vote, property
changes to criminal justice system, criminalizing IPV
developing services for abused women - shelters, counseling, support groups
feminisms view of masculinity
masculinity tied to sexual conquests
IPV is a way for men to practice masculinity - exercise right to maintain order, disobedience
tied to sexual aggression - feelings of deserving sex
hypermasculinity
macho, negative/hostile attitudes towards women, violence is masculine
toxic masculinity
extreme hyper masculinity
violent domination is integral to self concept
linked to substance use, mental health issues
control
subordinated masculinity
gay men, feminine men, undermine traditional masculinity
more likely to become victims of IPV
complicit masculinity
men who do not conform to masculine concept but still benefit from privilege
less likely to commit, but also advocate for change
coercive control
violence as normal and acceptable, a quest for control
might be explained away as gender roles
controlling what partner can do, isolating from supports, financial control, rules, inescapable
feminist theories solution
educating men on patriarchy, how they benefit from it
patriarchy removed from social structures
duluth model
basis of intervention/treatment of IPV in canada and US
rooted in feminist and sociocultural theory
focuses on how men use control - power and control wheel
power and control wheel
coercion and threats, using intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing, using children, male privilege, economic abuse
equality wheel
negotiation and fairness, non-threatening behaviour, respect, trust and support, accountability, responsible parenting, shared responsibility, economic partnership
criticisms of feminist theory
samples - shelters, refuges - not generalizable
patriarchy is not most significant risk factor for IPV
ineffective, eliminates psychology and emotional state
ignores women who perpetrate IPV
portrays men as inherently violent
family conflict/power theory
violence employed in families to settle conflicts between intimate partners
learned by witnessing violence in childhood - takes from social learning theory
power imbalances increase tension
family conflict/power theory criticisms
ignoring gender, approaching male and female IPV the same
background/situational model of courtship aggression
background - historical, societal, individual characteristics lead to courtship aggression
situational - factors that set the stage for violence
background and situational factor examples
historical - child abuse, exposure to violence, history of aggression
societal - learned norms, normalizing violence
individual - personality, psychopathology, aggression
situation - violent expectation, conflict, substance abuse, problem solving skills
batterer subtypes are based on what?
severity - how bad, frequent
generality - inside family, outside?
psychopathology and personality disorder subtypes
stable/affectionate - stable, violent during mental disturbance
dependent/passive - pleasing but explodes from being set off
dependent/suspicious - jealous
dominating - control
violent/bullying - generally violent
family only batterer
least severe, least likely to engage in psychological and sexual violence
no personality disorder
generally violent/antisocial batterer
moderate - severe
psychological, sexual
alcohol/drugs
ASPD, psychopathy
violence outside family
dysphoric/borderline batterer
distressed and emotionally volatile
borderline, schizoid
alcohol/drugs
moderate-severe
all types
outside home
low-level antisocial batterer
similar to family only
intermediate, higher antisocial behaviour, more negative behaviour but less extreme
developmental model of batterer subtypes - how they get sorted
genetics, early childhood experiences, peer experiences
impacts attachment, impulsivity, social skills, attitudes
coercive controlling violence typology
emotionally abusive pattern of control and manipulation
isolation, minimizing, denial, threats
severe, frequent, escalating
most common, mostly men
violent resistance typology
resist partner
acute, short lived
ineffective, dangerous
mainly women
situational couple violence typology
results from conflict
most common
both men and women
ineffective communication
mild
mutual violent control typology
both are controlling and violent
women may be more persistent
less likely to seek help
separation instigated violence typology
no violence until context of separation
sudden loss
1-2 mild to severe
men and women
cobra typology
decreased heart rate
antisocial, extreme violence
violent outside relationship
less common
pit bull typology
anger, heart rate increase
emotionally dependent, jealous, fear abandonment
controlling
inside relationship
more common
biological theories - head injuries
contribute to loss of temper, aggression, emotional distress
poor memory and executive function
frontal lobe dysfunction - judgement, problem solving
biological theories - neurotransmitters
heightened testosterone - aggression, violence, dominance
lack of serotonin - mood, depression, aggression, impulsivity, violence
biological theories - genetics
aggression and violence
brain structure and function
prefrontal cortex - attention, impulse control
amygdala - emotion processing, fear
limbic system - emotion, sexual behaviour
psychological factors of IPV
psychopathology
personality disorder
attachment
anger and hostility
communication issues
self esteem
substance use
cognitive behavioural theory
How one perceives and thinks about something affects how they feel and behave regarding that thin
cognitions - how we perceive world + affective - emotions = behaviours
CBT model - therapy
identify cognitive distortions, automatic thoughts, and schemas
challenge and modify
therefore impact behaviour
CBT model and IPV
maladaptive cognitions and problem solving techniques lead to violence
modify cognitions that impact control
impact of social learning theory - seeing violence forms automatic scripts for dealing with violence
CBT target cognitions by social learning theory
dehumanization - seeing less than human
victim blaming
deindividuation - absolving oneself of responsibility
moral justification - violence is acceptable
CBT and social information processing theory
perceive, analyze, choose response, act out, analyze, adjust
hostile attribution bias, irrational belief, cognitive biases impact cognitive processing for those steps
CBT and schemas
thinking patterns to explain environments
conflict - trigger negative schemas that are learned
“Others are always trying to take advantage of me.”
CBT and affective factors
anger and emotion dysregulation
severe anger problems
anger makes treatment and intervention difficult
impact of trauma on development and IPV
psychological development, attachment, emotional regulation, self control
place someone at increased risk of aggression by heightening threat sensitivity
perceived threat - anger - hypersensitive - perceived threat
trauma and attachment
fear of abandonment
experiencing abuse - normalize violence
use violence to control relationship
Common Associations between Mental/Personality Disorders and IPV Factors
poor interpersonal skills
emotional dysregulation
impulsivity
substance abse
hostility
conflict in relationship
mental health disorders associated with IPV
depression
anxiety
PTSD
schizophrenia
bipolar
intermittent explosive disorder
linked with low treatment adherence, dropout, and recidivism.
depression and IPV
psychological and physical
lower relationship satisfaction - conflict
hopelessness, irritability - lashing out
alcohol, substance abuse
self directed violence impacts partner
anxiety and IPV
GAD, panic disorders, social phobias
attachment theory - fear of abandonment
seek reassurance - strain
emotional dysregulation
low self esteem - anger
PTSD and IPV
irritability and anger outbursts
hypervigilance
flashbacks - lash out
memory issues
schizophrenia and IPV
delusions and hallucinations - persecutory = fear of being threatened
disorganized thinking - not rational
disorganized speech - communication issue
substance abuse
bipolar disorder and IPV
affect/emotional dysregulation - extreme mood swings
depressive episodes
manic episodes - risk taking behaviour, racing thoughts, grandiosity - challenged by partner
sexual activity in mania
intermittent explosive disorder and IPV
impulse control
sudden disproportionate reactions
high emotional arousal
cannot control behaviour
personality disorders associated with IPV
ASPD
BPD
PARANOID
SCHIZOTYPAL
ASPD
pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of rights of others
deceitful, impulsive, aggressive
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships
efforts to avoid abandonment
identity disturbance
impulsivity
intense anger
paranoid personality disorder
distrust and suspiciousness
unjustified doubts
hidden meanings
grudges
perceives attacks on character
schizotypal personality disorder
reduced capacity for relationships
perceptual distortions
unusual beliefs
paranoid ideation
excessive social anxiety
substance abuse and IPV
cocaine and ASPD - difficulty controlling anger
irritable, prone to violence
disinhibit aggression
focused perspective
lifestyle that fosters IPV
lack rational judgement
psychological approach criticisms
blame the victim
claim that mental illness causes violence
ignores social and cultural considerations
what is a risk assessment
Process of gathering information about people to make decisions regarding their risk
sources of information for risk assessment
interviews - person being assessed, collateral, victim
psychological testing
clinical file information
criminal record, school records, healthcare
overarching goals of risk assessment
consistent/replicable results
prescriptive
open/transparent
preventing
types of risk factors
fixed/historical/static - does not change over time
variable/dynamic - has ability to change over time
approaches to risk assessment
unstructured clinical judgement
actuarial - quantitative, algorithmic
structured professional judgement - brings together clinical and actuarial - comprehensive and individualized risk factors
actuarial approach
combines risk factors through mechanistic approach - algorithm, equation
provide absolute risk estimates
3 factor model of psychopathy
deficient affective experience - lack of remorse, shallow affect, no responsibility
impulsive behavioural lifestyle - need stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, impulsive
arrogant interpersonal style
- glibness, grandiose, cunning, lying
