Midterm Flashcards
what is violence
Actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm of another person that is deliberate and nonconsenting.
physical harm
Assault, use of deadly force (serious physical harm, assault with a
weapon), sexual assault
serious psychological harm and examples
Fear of physical injury, or psychological consequences that substantially interfere with a person’s health or well-being.
Threats, intimidation, forced confinement
criteria for violence
impact someone other than perpetrator
intentional, reckless, negligent
non-consensual and illegal
acute vs chronic physical injuries
acute - sudden, minor = cuts, severe = internal bleeding
chronic - long term over time, minor = headaches, severe = loss of function
acute vs chronic trauma
acute - nervousness, hyper vigilance, nightmares
chronic - major mental illness
impacts to daily life
relationships
productivity
overall enjoyment
categories of violence
self directed violence - suicidal behaviour, self harm
collective violence - political, social, economic
interpersonal violence - community, family
intimate partner violence definition and examples
Violence perpetrated against a victim by a current or former intimate partner
physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological violence
4 main behaviours in IPV
intimidation - non-explicit threat intended to induce fear
threats - explicit threats of physical harm
physical harm - conduct that will or is likely to cause bodily harm
sexual harm - conduct that will or likely cause sexual harm
gaslighting
intentionally causing someone to doubt themselves and their sanity
manipulation
to maintain control - partner accepts abusers reality
forms of IPV
financial abuse
spiritual abuse
reproductive control
coercive control
technology-violence
digital IPV
manifests in harassment, stalking
tracking, accessing, monitoring, hidden cameras, image based abuse, doxxing
severe IPV and examples
Conduct that will (or is likely to) cause grievous or life-threatening injury
weapons, vulnerable, strangling, medical attention, obvious danger like arson
chronic IPV and examples
Violence that happens a lot and/or over a long period of time
months or years
cycle of violence over long period
impact of IPV on reproductive and sexual health
pregnancy, pregnancy associated death, preterm birth, low birth weight
sti
peripartum depression
impacts of physical harm
contusions, lacerations, fractures
chronic pain, GI issues, brain injuries, cvd
impacts of psychological harm
major mental disorders, suicidal behaviour, eating disorders, substance abuse, concentration issues, functioning issues, blame and guild, somatization
impact of IPV on children
attachment
social, emotional, psychological development
feeling threatened
heightened risk of mental disorders
increased risk of becoming a victim and perpetrator
who has a higher risk of IPV?
women aged 18-24, ethnic minorities, mental and physical disabilities, low SES
increases in IPV since 2014
adult IPV, IPV against seniors, intimate partner sexual assault, physical assault, harassment
most common forms of IPV
physical assault, sexual assault, uttering threats, criminal harassment
why are rates of IPV increasing in canada
more education, better reporting, better law enforcement education
what stops victims from reporting IPV
informal help, “caring period”, financial dependence, fear, isolation, lack of knowledge, help is ignored
risk factors conducive to lower reporting
lower education, poor ses, substance abuse, prior exposure to abuse, partner dependence, mental illness
history of IPV
prior to legal reform
penetration, man against woman, without consent, outside marriage bonds
impact of COVID-19 on IPV rates
isolation, increase stress - disrupt relationships
children at home
take frustrations out on partners
increased boredom, substance abuse, lack of control
less social support
increased used of weapons
impact of COVID on those with pre existing vulnerabilities
disabilities, depression, anxiety
diagnosed with COVID - linked with neighbourhood factors
increased psychological violence most
provinces and territories with increased IPV and why
sask, manitoba, nunavut
rural areas, more police presence, indigenous population, education levels
myth of IPV
false allegations
very few come forward, told not to come forward
feminist theory of IPV
impact of gender inequality, sexism, and patriarchy
patriarchy encourages men to be dominant and creates a power dynamic reflected in intimate relationships
womens violence is self defence
the womens movement
fight for basic rights - education, vote, property
changes to criminal justice system, criminalizing IPV
developing services for abused women - shelters, counseling, support groups
feminisms view of masculinity
masculinity tied to sexual conquests
IPV is a way for men to practice masculinity - exercise right to maintain order, disobedience
tied to sexual aggression - feelings of deserving sex
hypermasculinity
macho, negative/hostile attitudes towards women, violence is masculine
toxic masculinity
extreme hyper masculinity
violent domination is integral to self concept
linked to substance use, mental health issues
control
subordinated masculinity
gay men, feminine men, undermine traditional masculinity
more likely to become victims of IPV
complicit masculinity
men who do not conform to masculine concept but still benefit from privilege
less likely to commit, but also advocate for change
coercive control
violence as normal and acceptable, a quest for control
might be explained away as gender roles
controlling what partner can do, isolating from supports, financial control, rules, inescapable
feminist theories solution
educating men on patriarchy, how they benefit from it
patriarchy removed from social structures
duluth model
basis of intervention/treatment of IPV in canada and US
rooted in feminist and sociocultural theory
focuses on how men use control - power and control wheel
power and control wheel
coercion and threats, using intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing, using children, male privilege, economic abuse
equality wheel
negotiation and fairness, non-threatening behaviour, respect, trust and support, accountability, responsible parenting, shared responsibility, economic partnership
criticisms of feminist theory
samples - shelters, refuges - not generalizable
patriarchy is not most significant risk factor for IPV
ineffective, eliminates psychology and emotional state
ignores women who perpetrate IPV
portrays men as inherently violent
family conflict/power theory
violence employed in families to settle conflicts between intimate partners
learned by witnessing violence in childhood - takes from social learning theory
power imbalances increase tension
family conflict/power theory criticisms
ignoring gender, approaching male and female IPV the same
background/situational model of courtship aggression
background - historical, societal, individual characteristics lead to courtship aggression
situational - factors that set the stage for violence
background and situational factor examples
historical - child abuse, exposure to violence, history of aggression
societal - learned norms, normalizing violence
individual - personality, psychopathology, aggression
situation - violent expectation, conflict, substance abuse, problem solving skills
batterer subtypes are based on what?
severity - how bad, frequent
generality - inside family, outside?
psychopathology and personality disorder subtypes
stable/affectionate - stable, violent during mental disturbance
dependent/passive - pleasing but explodes from being set off
dependent/suspicious - jealous
dominating - control
violent/bullying - generally violent
family only batterer
least severe, least likely to engage in psychological and sexual violence
no personality disorder
generally violent/antisocial batterer
moderate - severe
psychological, sexual
alcohol/drugs
ASPD, psychopathy
violence outside family
dysphoric/borderline batterer
distressed and emotionally volatile
borderline, schizoid
alcohol/drugs
moderate-severe
all types
outside home
low-level antisocial batterer
similar to family only
intermediate, higher antisocial behaviour, more negative behaviour but less extreme
developmental model of batterer subtypes - how they get sorted
genetics, early childhood experiences, peer experiences
impacts attachment, impulsivity, social skills, attitudes
coercive controlling violence typology
emotionally abusive pattern of control and manipulation
isolation, minimizing, denial, threats
severe, frequent, escalating
most common, mostly men
violent resistance typology
resist partner
acute, short lived
ineffective, dangerous
mainly women
situational couple violence typology
results from conflict
most common
both men and women
ineffective communication
mild
mutual violent control typology
both are controlling and violent
women may be more persistent
less likely to seek help
separation instigated violence typology
no violence until context of separation
sudden loss
1-2 mild to severe
men and women
cobra typology
decreased heart rate
antisocial, extreme violence
violent outside relationship
less common
pit bull typology
anger, heart rate increase
emotionally dependent, jealous, fear abandonment
controlling
inside relationship
more common
biological theories - head injuries
contribute to loss of temper, aggression, emotional distress
poor memory and executive function
frontal lobe dysfunction - judgement, problem solving
biological theories - neurotransmitters
heightened testosterone - aggression, violence, dominance
lack of serotonin - mood, depression, aggression, impulsivity, violence
biological theories - genetics
aggression and violence
brain structure and function
prefrontal cortex - attention, impulse control
amygdala - emotion processing, fear
limbic system - emotion, sexual behaviour
psychological factors of IPV
psychopathology
personality disorder
attachment
anger and hostility
communication issues
self esteem
substance use
cognitive behavioural theory
How one perceives and thinks about something affects how they feel and behave regarding that thin
cognitions - how we perceive world + affective - emotions = behaviours
CBT model - therapy
identify cognitive distortions, automatic thoughts, and schemas
challenge and modify
therefore impact behaviour
CBT model and IPV
maladaptive cognitions and problem solving techniques lead to violence
modify cognitions that impact control
impact of social learning theory - seeing violence forms automatic scripts for dealing with violence
CBT target cognitions by social learning theory
dehumanization - seeing less than human
victim blaming
deindividuation - absolving oneself of responsibility
moral justification - violence is acceptable
CBT and social information processing theory
perceive, analyze, choose response, act out, analyze, adjust
hostile attribution bias, irrational belief, cognitive biases impact cognitive processing for those steps
CBT and schemas
thinking patterns to explain environments
conflict - trigger negative schemas that are learned
“Others are always trying to take advantage of me.”
CBT and affective factors
anger and emotion dysregulation
severe anger problems
anger makes treatment and intervention difficult
impact of trauma on development and IPV
psychological development, attachment, emotional regulation, self control
place someone at increased risk of aggression by heightening threat sensitivity
perceived threat - anger - hypersensitive - perceived threat
trauma and attachment
fear of abandonment
experiencing abuse - normalize violence
use violence to control relationship
Common Associations between Mental/Personality Disorders and IPV Factors
poor interpersonal skills
emotional dysregulation
impulsivity
substance abse
hostility
conflict in relationship
mental health disorders associated with IPV
depression
anxiety
PTSD
schizophrenia
bipolar
intermittent explosive disorder
linked with low treatment adherence, dropout, and recidivism.
depression and IPV
psychological and physical
lower relationship satisfaction - conflict
hopelessness, irritability - lashing out
alcohol, substance abuse
self directed violence impacts partner
anxiety and IPV
GAD, panic disorders, social phobias
attachment theory - fear of abandonment
seek reassurance - strain
emotional dysregulation
low self esteem - anger
PTSD and IPV
irritability and anger outbursts
hypervigilance
flashbacks - lash out
memory issues
schizophrenia and IPV
delusions and hallucinations - persecutory = fear of being threatened
disorganized thinking - not rational
disorganized speech - communication issue
substance abuse
bipolar disorder and IPV
affect/emotional dysregulation - extreme mood swings
depressive episodes
manic episodes - risk taking behaviour, racing thoughts, grandiosity - challenged by partner
sexual activity in mania
intermittent explosive disorder and IPV
impulse control
sudden disproportionate reactions
high emotional arousal
cannot control behaviour
personality disorders associated with IPV
ASPD
BPD
PARANOID
SCHIZOTYPAL
ASPD
pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of rights of others
deceitful, impulsive, aggressive
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships
efforts to avoid abandonment
identity disturbance
impulsivity
intense anger
paranoid personality disorder
distrust and suspiciousness
unjustified doubts
hidden meanings
grudges
perceives attacks on character
schizotypal personality disorder
reduced capacity for relationships
perceptual distortions
unusual beliefs
paranoid ideation
excessive social anxiety
substance abuse and IPV
cocaine and ASPD - difficulty controlling anger
irritable, prone to violence
disinhibit aggression
focused perspective
lifestyle that fosters IPV
lack rational judgement
psychological approach criticisms
blame the victim
claim that mental illness causes violence
ignores social and cultural considerations
what is a risk assessment
Process of gathering information about people to make decisions regarding their risk
sources of information for risk assessment
interviews - person being assessed, collateral, victim
psychological testing
clinical file information
criminal record, school records, healthcare
overarching goals of risk assessment
consistent/replicable results
prescriptive
open/transparent
preventing
types of risk factors
fixed/historical/static - does not change over time
variable/dynamic - has ability to change over time
approaches to risk assessment
unstructured clinical judgement
actuarial - quantitative, algorithmic
structured professional judgement - brings together clinical and actuarial - comprehensive and individualized risk factors
actuarial approach
combines risk factors through mechanistic approach - algorithm, equation
provide absolute risk estimates
3 factor model of psychopathy
deficient affective experience - lack of remorse, shallow affect, no responsibility
impulsive behavioural lifestyle - need stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, impulsive
arrogant interpersonal style
- glibness, grandiose, cunning, lying
psychopathy and IPV
IPV offenders - lower PCL scores
PCL scores - violent recidivism, general recidivism, strongest predictor of dichotomous IPV recidivism
SARA-V3
SPJ tool
nature of IPV, perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors
tool for prevention and risk management
good consistency, reliability
nature of IPV risk factors
intimidation
threats
physical harm
sexual harm
severe
chronic
escalating
ipv related supervision violations
perpetrator risk factors
problems with…
intimate relations
non-intimate relations
employment/finances
trauma/victimization
general antisocial conduct
major mental illness
personality disorder
substance use
violent/suicidal ideation
distorted thinking about IPV
victim vulnerability factors
problems with…
barriers to security
barriers to independence
interpersonal resources
community resources
attitudes or behaviours
mental health
case formulation in risk assessment
gathering and integrating information
develop account of variables affecting mental health
guide decision making
goals of formulation in risk assessment
root causes
relevant risk factors
pathways to violence
guide scenario planning
scenario planning
repeat - consider all violence
twist - motivation, victim, behaviour
escalation - worst case
improvement - best case
risk management
target relevant risk factors
monitoring - warning signs
supervision - controls, restrict freedons
treatment - rehabilitation
risk assessment conclusory opinions
degree of effort or intervention required
serious physical harm risk
imminent violence risk
victim predictors of victimization
history of abuse
substance abuse
economic hardship
mental illness
personality disorder
low education
social isolation
pregnancy
depression and victimization
more severe, chronic, types of ipv = more depressive symptoms
sexual abuse has highest association
impacts of depression on victims
ability to function, do things around house, decreased ability to defend selves, low self esteem, pervasive lack of happiness
PTSD and victimization
more likely to experience IPV
severity, chronicity, more forms - greater symptoms
comorbid with depression
sleep disturbances, concentration - conflict
hypervigilance - conflict
sleep and victimization
IPV impacts sleep
depression and PTSD
need to be alert, lack of sleep - confusion - control
nightmares - tight sleeping
run down, headaches, fatigue, reduced ability to cope
victimization, suicide and self harm
increased suicidal ideation and intent
physical and sexual abuse - more likely
dealing with, way out
victim blaming
blame selves, perpetrators, third parties
asking why they dont leave
contributes to perpetration - they deserve it
associated with negative outcomes and substance abuse
predictors of victim blaming
men - blame and be blamed
older, less education
knowing previous - blame new
defy stereotypes, gender norms, provoking - blamed more
frequency increases blame
severity decreases blame
substance use in victims
greater association with IPV
coercive control - encourage drugs, restrain treatment
coping with violence
alcohol abuse
victim blaming and substance abuse
violating norms - increase blame
increase feelings of self blame - just world theory
seen as less truthful
prescription - less impact - fits into submissive stereotype
victimization and chronic pain
one of the highest associations
disabling pain even long after abuse - joints, back, neck, headaches
pain dismissed by healthcare providers
CVD issues, other issues (allergies, diabetes, malnutrition)
somatoform and psychosomatic disorders
somatoform - physical symptoms with psychological cause
psychosomatic - physical symptoms made worse by stress
weight loss, gain, headaches, stomach pain
victim daily life impacts
psychological impact - struggle to connect with others
ability to enter another relationship
capacity for enjoyment
financial abuse
form of coercive control
controlling freedom - trapped - harder to leave - cannot save money
forced into stay at home role
less finances - increased stress on homes
economic autonomy
freedom and control over finances and choices to work
lessens financial stress
stress with finance decisions
embodiment and 5 dimensions
perception and experience of own body, feelings of ownership and control
self care
experiencing desire
comfort and connectedness
agency, functionality
not self-objectifying
protective responses of embodiment
body dissociation - disconnection or avoidance, distract from pain, separate from body
disembodiment - detachment from body, self is no longer in body, trauma happening to someone else
low sense of embodiment impact
dismiss or legitimize sexual violence
body as limitation in defending themselves
lose sense of self, mental health impacts, shame about body
sexual health in victims
gynaecological - endometriosis, bleeding, uti, sti, pain
feeling a lack of sexual decision making - fear of saying no - increases STI, pregnancy
miscarriages or infertile - increased IPV risk
impacts to pregnant women
higher IPV risk
stress - premature labour, miscarriage, neonatal death
inadequate nutrition, preterm birth, low birthweight
increased risk factors in pregnant IPV victims
insufficient weight gain, PTSD, depression, unhealthy drinking and smoking - harm mothers attachment to child
pregnancy stressors and risk factors
stress, anger over pregnancy, mothers attention shifting to baby
finances
patriarchal role - might not take well to childcare
younger, less educated, lower income, unmarried, seperated or divorced
intimate partner femicide
homicide of a woman by current or intimate partner
often involves another victim or suicide
hard to predict - difficult to differentiate from severe IPV
factors for intimate partner femicide
serious disputes - separation
warning signs - stalking, threats, ultimatums
perpetrator capacity - life threatening violence, history of violence, weapons, escalation
mental problems, substance abuse, mental illness, nihilistic or suicidal thoughts
secondary victims
not the primary target of violence, who suffers from direct or indirect violence because of
IPV perpetration
secondary victims - children
number one secondary victims - age 5-6 - IPV more prevalent in homes with children
psychological, physical impacts
general information - children as secondary victims
very likely to notice
more suicidal in future, psychiatric disorders
hard to differentiate if harm is happening to them
impact brain development, behaviour, emotion
more likely to perpetrate or become victims
preschool children as secondary victims
more impact - spend more times with parents - cannot escape
impact self-esteem, social skills, physical impact, emotional regulation, attachment
preschool children - internalizing and externalizing
externalizing - manifesting internal - aggression, hyperactivity
internalization - making something a part of self - self esteem, anxiety, depression, social withdrawal
PTSD symptoms in preschool children
intrusive, unwanted memories
behavioural and emotional avoidance
hyperarousal
resilience
adapting well despite exposure to stress and trauma
successfully reaching developmental goals, good behavioural and emotional functioning
resilience - protective factors
individual - positive emotional development, empathy, intelligence, self esteem, engaging in activities
family - good parents - healthy coping skills, positive attachment
adolescents as secondary victims
depression, PTSD, substance use to cope
disrupt identity - negative coping mechanisms
peer relationships and social competence are protective
victim resources
shelters
hotlines
legal
financial
counseling
IPV screening
screening
first point of contact
frequent injuries, missed appointments, sudden mental health problems, reluctance to be examined, controlling partners
who should be screened for IPV and the process
all with injuries, pregnant, STIs, chronic pain
private, normalization, believe, offer assistance
victim safety plans
danger of imminent or severe violence
go bag, places to stay, safe words, dangerous rooms
sentencing first time offenders
leniency - no history
demoralizing for victims - frequent abuse but havent been caught
how do the police prevent IPV
arrest, gather evidence, mandatory charging, following up
peace bonds - no criminal activity but victim fears safety
progressive police attitudes
understand complexity
understand barriers
believe IPV is important
training to recognize
problematic police attitudes
simplifying IPV
tolerating - justifying
minimal police involvement
victim blaming
police perpetration of IPV
trained to be violent, stressful jobs, warrior mentality, access weapons
protection from consequences - victims reluctant to report
blue wall of silence
how do lawyers assist victims
navigate complex legal system
help with restraining orders, family orders, no contact orders, divorce, child custody
assistance with finance
barriers to assistance with lawyers
defence might undermine victim
lawyers advise to not bring up accusations of IPV
lawyers not educated about IPV
victims complaints about lawyers
lack of understanding, errors, didnt understand trauma, child impacts, judgements, advise to hide it, mistakes during trial
judges impacts on victims
tone can affect experiences - fairness, allow personal experiences, denounce IPV
keiras law - judge ignored claims of IPV and it ended with murder
juries and victims
less educated, rely on stereotypes, listen to media
well educated - informed decisions
expert testimony admissibility
mohan - necessary, relevant, qualified, no exclusionary rule
daubert - relevant and reliable, scientific, judge final decision
expert impact on victims
impartial
witness can give direct help to victim - medical professional can agree that its abuse
victims experiences in courts
therapeutic jurisprudence -court system affects the wellbeing of those who pass
through it, and therefore courts should try to maximize their “healing potential
well informed, in control, empowered - more likely to seek help
ignored, silenced, pressured - less likely
secondary victimization by law enforcement
lack of assistance in prosecution - PTSD
intrusive questions
secondary victimization by courts
legal processes stressful
feel humiliated, lack of empathy, afraid, ignored - feel worthless, PTSD
having to go through details of case
secondary victimization by healthcare
lack of time, resources, uncomfortable asking about IPV
too much focus on mental health - “fix”
make them feel believed, provide appropriate assistance
childrens manifestation of PTSD
developmental regression
trauma reenactment in play
changes in emotional arousal or activity - externalizing
intrusive recollections, avoidance, affect and cognition, hypervigilance, memory
why should we consider alternative IPV perspectives?
impacts everyone
different populations have different experiences, vulnerabilities, manifestations
women as perpetrators
more frequently aggressive
mutually aggressive
striking first
lesbian relationships have higher IPV
types of abuse and women perpetrators
non-physical abuse seen as less serious
physical abuse seen as more serious the worse it becomes
women and men - psych and phys equally - men suffer fewer injuries - perceived as less serious
women perpetrators - bidirectionality
most is bidirectional, then women perpetrating, then men
sexual violence is unidirectional
worse outcomes, severe violence
risk factors for psychological abuse
general model of aggression
parental aggression, BPD, trauma, anger, emotional dysfunction
risk factors for physical abuse
anger - women
antisocial and borderline traits
relationship conflict, communication issues - stress
dominance
negative attributions
substance use
risk factors for severe assault
sexual abuse victimization, relationship conflict, violence approval - <men
ptsd and substance abuse - only men
dominance, anger, aspd, criminal history, neg attitudes, neglect, ACE
men as victims
crime stats go against this
condemned, “matters less”, more likely to minimize, brush off, viewed as acceptable, blamed
women perpetrate coercive control - more physically aggressive and controlling
male victims - disclosure and help seeking
masculine - take care of selves, little emotion - weak, shameful
seen as being in control
if defend self - charged
those who ask for help - ridiculed
male victims - impact
damage masculinity, loss relationships, lack of trust, mental health, career impact, trauma
male victims - stereotypes
gender stereotypes - violence rated more seriously with female victims
women abusers not perceived as bad, male violence not worthy of assistance
men = “powerful” = could leave
men treated as perpetrators
gender stereotypes to cast victims as perpetrators
authorities - unfair treatment, bias
men act aggressive with poor treatment
females received lower sentences - secondary victimization
male victims impact to masculinity
shattered, loss of identity, weak
emasculation and confusion - hide the violence
psychological violence - confused to whether they are a victim
men becoming perpetrators because they are victims
helplessness
express sadness and depression as anger
intense emotions - anxiety and anger - more likely to perpetrate
mental health in male victims
PTSD and sleep - nightmares, stress, anxiety
depression - suicide, lack of enjoyment, isolation, relationship loss
provide opportunities to exert coercive control over victim
male victims - the solution
training authorities - believe victims
increase services for men
thorough investigations
increased therapy
change how they are treated by law
LGBT relationship history
recent acceptance - isolation, lack of belonging, no social support
history of violence in LGBT relationships
high levels - bullying, harassment, physical common in many domains
higher for those who violate gender norms, are discriminated against or stigmatized
role of general violence
LGBT more likely to experience - being kicked out, loss friends, employment - can move in w partner but violent partner = coercive control, barriers, financial abuse, vulnerable
general violence - strain relationship - increaase IPV
IPV prevalence in LGBT relationships
higher than heterosexual
bidirectional
financial abuse, coercive control, shaming, threats, emotional and physical abuse
women - more CC, physical, shame, threats
coercive control in LGBT relationships
dominance and emotional control common in same sex relationships
outing - unique
HIV - threaten to reveal
partner as only trusted support means power imbalance
reporting of IPV in LGBT relationships
underreported - police dont file as IPV, unwilling to reach out, lack of trust in law
internalized homophobia - self dislike, negative self concept, depression - barrier to help seeking
transgender victims
hostility from family, friends, even LGBT community
greater risk of victimization than cisgender
more likely to experience physical, sexual IPV
no difference in gender assigned at birth
unique forms of IPV in transgender individuals
wrong pronouns, deadnaming, ridiculing gender, denying hormones, hiding tools, threatening to out
barriers to support in LGBT relationships
limited understanding - no tailored support
stigma - embarrassment and shame
systemic inequalities - refused care due to biases
lack of reaching out - discrimination, agencies untrustworthy
IPV and ethnicity and prevalence
visible minority experience more, indigenous even more
consistent across lifetime and types of abuse
non-immigrant - more - age
outcomes of IPV across ethnicities
does not differ much
associated with other risk factors - SES, access to services - can confound research
immigration and IPV
small social circle, no support, language barriers, lack of employment
dealing with new and old family dynamic expectations, values under threat = violence
reliance on partner - finances, immigration status - coercive control
immigration and perceptions of IPV
define differently based on cultural background
may perceive abuse as normal
immigration and responses to IPV
cultural differences - different coping
place family above own well being, blame selves, normalize violence, rely on religious based problem solving
reach out to informal supports - fail - silence, self harm
immigration and barriers to reporting
poor experiences or expectations
cultural values around separation
reliance on partner
what is honour based violence and categories
motivated by beliefs about honour, shame, perceived injustices
patriarchal, hierarchical, traditional, collective, restrained (control over basic needs), avoidant of uncertainty
HBV and IPV
can emerge in intimate relationships - usually in family violence (daughter dating someone not approved)
sexual transgressions, social transgressions, defy authority
indigenous people and violence
more like to experience
physical and sexual assault, have contact with police as children, experience violence as children, homicide, lack of confidence in police
colonial violence and colonization theory
Indigenous peoples’ high violence risk stems from the effects of historical trauma.
indian act, residential schools, sixties scoop, cultural genocide
intergenerational trauma
cycle of violence - exposed to violence as child - manifests through violence as an adult
exposure to direct violence - residential schools, coercive control, abuse
spiritual abuse
more subtle
children separated from culture, forbidden from engaging in cultural practices - cause resentment towards culture
isolated, lost, not belonging, preventing passing on values = not ready to be parents
impacts of intergenerational trauma
family disruption
substance abuse and addiction
poverty
mental health
criminal activity
family violence and IPV
indigenous people and IPV
higher risk for men and women
colonization theory - internalized oppression and trauma is responsible
social learning theory - learn that IPV is acceptable through observation
developmental models - growing up with violence impacts behaviour, emotions, social development
indigenous people and IPV risk factors
colonial/historical violence, trauma, rural areas
rural areas as a risk factor
isolated from support
fewer shelters, doctors, hospitals - less screening
distance to services, seasonal travel
other risk factors - IPV and colonization theory
young, low education, unemployment, alcohol/substance use, partners dominance, family size
2S/LGBT and IPV
compound effects of racism, sexism, homophobia
risk pronounced for gender transgressing
most common form of violence for 2s and gender diverse people
risk factors of indigenous 2S/LGBT
ACE, being under responsibility of government, poverty, homelessness, rural areas, substance abuse
indigenous people and IPV - reporting - government
lack of trust in canadian government
inadequate government response
see government as illegitimate
government as unhelpful
indigenous people and reporting - communities
tight knit communities
everybody knows everybody
accessing indigenous support - reporting to someone you know
perpetrator may be respected figure
informal support - disbelief, shame,
indigenous people and reporting - other
maintain family
unaware of services
fear of repercussions
judgement and mistreatment
indigenous and IPV - protective factors
economic mobility
education
employment
access to services
social connection
cultural identity
adolescent IPV - continuum of violence
predictor of adult IPV is adolescent IPV
desist - still have negative mental health, social functioning
adolescent IPV - manifestations of violence
lack independence - control remotely - text, calls
digital IPV - social media
adolescent risk factors that increase IPV involvement
family violence
neighbourhood violence
bullying
racial/ethnic discrimination
ses segregation
adolescent IPV - patterns of violence
age crime curve - for all types
most people start dating in adolescence
psychological, physical, then sexual
fewer relationships, but unstable - negative outcomes
adolescent IPV - reporting
distorted rates - school samples - does not capture most at risk - involved in justice system, expelled, homeless
overlaps with LGBT youth who report higher rates
diathesis stress model
vulnerability - genetics, physiological, temperamental
interacts with environmental stressor
increase negative mental health outcomes
cumulative stress model
the more risk factors - triggers for chronic or severe stress - the worse the outcome
risk factors - witnessing violence, abuse, neglect
clusters of risk factors are worse
biological sensitivity theory
biological differences in how one interacts with world
highly sensitive - strong reactions to pos and neg environments - thrive and little resiliency
less sensitive - less responsive to stressors - emotional buffer
adaptive calibration model
stress response system - manage reaction - changes based on environment or experiences, optimize to prepare us
sensitive - SRS quickly adapts. pos = lower reactivity, function optimally. neg = SRS will over compensate
protective responses carried forward into life - become maladaptive, trigger IPV perpetration - perceive threats, respond violently
adolescent IPV - the solution
examine as a series of maladaptive behaviours that can be untaught
focus on general violence, educate youth on relationships, parent engagement, peer mentoring, peer engagement
two major points - SPJ and IPV Cook et al
SPJ guidelines are analytical tools - help evaluators determine relevant risk factors - keeps process less chaotic
formulation plays a key role
two ways of formulation - SPJ & IPV Cook et al
formulate roles played by relevant risk factors - decisions about if, why, how, when to perpetuate violence
formulation of management plans - scenario planning
going beyond with structured approaches - Cook et al
opinions about nature, severity, imminence of risk, understand complexity of risk factors
impact of victim vulnerability factors - cook et al
violence is interpersonal and considering VV sheds light on decision making
largest unmet needs in healthcare - Wadsworth et al
adults - mental health
children - lack of immunizations, well-childcare
sample - Wadsworth et al
from shelters
disproportionate - black women, women with children, low income, emotional and physical violence
perceived health and effect of IPV - Wadsworth et al
women reported overall positive health ratings
majority - IPV negatively effected in some way
older age - more health problems
unmet health care needs - Wadsworth et al
larger issue for women than for children
low income - lack of access
more need for mental health care than physical
barriers faced by participants - Wadsworth et al
transportation problems
cost of care
lack of safety
patient centres models - Wadsworth et al
offer both physical and mental health care
participants indicated they probably would use it
high use and acceptability
IPV screening - Wadsworth et al
most have not been screened
universal IPV screening, education and training
reasons for not disclosing abuse - Wadsworth et al
shame and guilt, lack of privacy, retaliatory violence, loss child custody, judgement
challenges for survivors - Heward Belle et al
face difficulties in legal system - especially with mental health issues
compounded by intersectional factors
judicial systems role - Heward Belle et al
legal system influences survivors safety, family law outcomes, child welfare, mental health
lack of understanding = secondary victimization
limited understanding - Heward Belle et al
rely on gender stereotypes - undermine womens testimonies, excuse male violence
negative effects on survivors - Heward Belle et al
deter help seeking
retraumatize
replicate power imbalance
need for judicial training - Heward Belle et al
trauma informed training
understand IPV mental health impacts
prevent further harm
enhance support
intersectionality - Heward Belle et al
recognize complex needs of survivors - ensure sensitive judicial responses
recommendations - Heward Belle et al
increase awareness through training
judicial actors to educate the community
residential school impacts - Hoffart & Jones
severe abuse experienced - intergenerational effects - especially with coping mechanisms like substance use
physical, psychological, sexual, cultural abuse
role confusion - Hoffart & Jones
segregation by gender - difficulties forming relationships with opposite sex later in life
contributes to dysfunctional relationships
dysfunctional family life - Hoffart & Jones
former residential students - family instability, neglect, violence - difficulty with navigating family life
higher IPV rates
normalization of violence - Hoffart & Jones
began in childhood - witnessing in residential schools or homes
continued into adulthood - violence is a problem solving method
