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PSYC 391 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is violence

A

Actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm of another person that is deliberate and nonconsenting.

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2
Q

physical harm

A

Assault, use of deadly force (serious physical harm, assault with a
weapon), sexual assault

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3
Q

serious psychological harm and examples

A

Fear of physical injury, or psychological consequences that substantially interfere with a person’s health or well-being.

Threats, intimidation, forced confinement

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4
Q

criteria for violence

A

impact someone other than perpetrator

intentional, reckless, negligent

non-consensual and illegal

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5
Q

acute vs chronic physical injuries

A

acute - sudden, minor = cuts, severe = internal bleeding

chronic - long term over time, minor = headaches, severe = loss of function

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6
Q

acute vs chronic trauma

A

acute - nervousness, hyper vigilance, nightmares

chronic - major mental illness

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7
Q

impacts to daily life

A

relationships
productivity
overall enjoyment

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8
Q

categories of violence

A

self directed violence - suicidal behaviour, self harm

collective violence - political, social, economic

interpersonal violence - community, family

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9
Q

intimate partner violence definition and examples

A

Violence perpetrated against a victim by a current or former intimate partner

physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological violence

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10
Q

4 main behaviours in IPV

A

intimidation - non-explicit threat intended to induce fear

threats - explicit threats of physical harm

physical harm - conduct that will or is likely to cause bodily harm

sexual harm - conduct that will or likely cause sexual harm

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11
Q

gaslighting

A

intentionally causing someone to doubt themselves and their sanity

manipulation

to maintain control - partner accepts abusers reality

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12
Q

forms of IPV

A

financial abuse

spiritual abuse

reproductive control

coercive control

technology-violence

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13
Q

digital IPV

A

manifests in harassment, stalking

tracking, accessing, monitoring, hidden cameras, image based abuse, doxxing

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14
Q

severe IPV and examples

A

Conduct that will (or is likely to) cause grievous or life-threatening injury

weapons, vulnerable, strangling, medical attention, obvious danger like arson

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15
Q

chronic IPV and examples

A

Violence that happens a lot and/or over a long period of time

months or years
cycle of violence over long period

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16
Q

impact of IPV on reproductive and sexual health

A

pregnancy, pregnancy associated death, preterm birth, low birth weight

sti

peripartum depression

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17
Q

impacts of physical harm

A

contusions, lacerations, fractures

chronic pain, GI issues, brain injuries, cvd

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18
Q

impacts of psychological harm

A

major mental disorders, suicidal behaviour, eating disorders, substance abuse, concentration issues, functioning issues, blame and guild, somatization

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19
Q

impact of IPV on children

A

attachment
social, emotional, psychological development
feeling threatened
heightened risk of mental disorders
increased risk of becoming a victim and perpetrator

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20
Q

who has a higher risk of IPV?

A

women aged 18-24, ethnic minorities, mental and physical disabilities, low SES

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21
Q

increases in IPV since 2014

A

adult IPV, IPV against seniors, intimate partner sexual assault, physical assault, harassment

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22
Q

most common forms of IPV

A

physical assault, sexual assault, uttering threats, criminal harassment

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23
Q

why are rates of IPV increasing in canada

A

more education, better reporting, better law enforcement education

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24
Q

what stops victims from reporting IPV

A

informal help, “caring period”, financial dependence, fear, isolation, lack of knowledge, help is ignored

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25
Q

risk factors conducive to lower reporting

A

lower education, poor ses, substance abuse, prior exposure to abuse, partner dependence, mental illness

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26
Q

history of IPV

A

prior to legal reform

penetration, man against woman, without consent, outside marriage bonds

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27
Q

impact of COVID-19 on IPV rates

A

isolation, increase stress - disrupt relationships

children at home

take frustrations out on partners

increased boredom, substance abuse, lack of control

less social support

increased used of weapons

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28
Q

impact of COVID on those with pre existing vulnerabilities

A

disabilities, depression, anxiety

diagnosed with COVID - linked with neighbourhood factors

increased psychological violence most

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29
Q

provinces and territories with increased IPV and why

A

sask, manitoba, nunavut

rural areas, more police presence, indigenous population, education levels

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30
Q

myth of IPV

A

false allegations

very few come forward, told not to come forward

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31
Q

feminist theory of IPV

A

impact of gender inequality, sexism, and patriarchy

patriarchy encourages men to be dominant and creates a power dynamic reflected in intimate relationships

womens violence is self defence

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32
Q

the womens movement

A

fight for basic rights - education, vote, property

changes to criminal justice system, criminalizing IPV

developing services for abused women - shelters, counseling, support groups

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33
Q

feminisms view of masculinity

A

masculinity tied to sexual conquests

IPV is a way for men to practice masculinity - exercise right to maintain order, disobedience

tied to sexual aggression - feelings of deserving sex

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34
Q

hypermasculinity

A

macho, negative/hostile attitudes towards women, violence is masculine

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35
Q

toxic masculinity

A

extreme hyper masculinity

violent domination is integral to self concept

linked to substance use, mental health issues

control

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36
Q

subordinated masculinity

A

gay men, feminine men, undermine traditional masculinity

more likely to become victims of IPV

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37
Q

complicit masculinity

A

men who do not conform to masculine concept but still benefit from privilege

less likely to commit, but also advocate for change

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38
Q

coercive control

A

violence as normal and acceptable, a quest for control

might be explained away as gender roles

controlling what partner can do, isolating from supports, financial control, rules, inescapable

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39
Q

feminist theories solution

A

educating men on patriarchy, how they benefit from it

patriarchy removed from social structures

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40
Q

duluth model

A

basis of intervention/treatment of IPV in canada and US

rooted in feminist and sociocultural theory

focuses on how men use control - power and control wheel

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41
Q

power and control wheel

A

coercion and threats, using intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing, using children, male privilege, economic abuse

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42
Q

equality wheel

A

negotiation and fairness, non-threatening behaviour, respect, trust and support, accountability, responsible parenting, shared responsibility, economic partnership

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43
Q

criticisms of feminist theory

A

samples - shelters, refuges - not generalizable

patriarchy is not most significant risk factor for IPV

ineffective, eliminates psychology and emotional state

ignores women who perpetrate IPV

portrays men as inherently violent

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44
Q

family conflict/power theory

A

violence employed in families to settle conflicts between intimate partners

learned by witnessing violence in childhood - takes from social learning theory

power imbalances increase tension

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45
Q

family conflict/power theory criticisms

A

ignoring gender, approaching male and female IPV the same

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46
Q

background/situational model of courtship aggression

A

background - historical, societal, individual characteristics lead to courtship aggression

situational - factors that set the stage for violence

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47
Q

background and situational factor examples

A

historical - child abuse, exposure to violence, history of aggression

societal - learned norms, normalizing violence

individual - personality, psychopathology, aggression

situation - violent expectation, conflict, substance abuse, problem solving skills

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48
Q

batterer subtypes are based on what?

A

severity - how bad, frequent

generality - inside family, outside?

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49
Q

psychopathology and personality disorder subtypes

A

stable/affectionate - stable, violent during mental disturbance

dependent/passive - pleasing but explodes from being set off

dependent/suspicious - jealous

dominating - control

violent/bullying - generally violent

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50
Q

family only batterer

A

least severe, least likely to engage in psychological and sexual violence

no personality disorder

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51
Q

generally violent/antisocial batterer

A

moderate - severe
psychological, sexual
alcohol/drugs
ASPD, psychopathy
violence outside family

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52
Q

dysphoric/borderline batterer

A

distressed and emotionally volatile
borderline, schizoid
alcohol/drugs
moderate-severe
all types
outside home

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53
Q

low-level antisocial batterer

A

similar to family only
intermediate, higher antisocial behaviour, more negative behaviour but less extreme

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54
Q

developmental model of batterer subtypes - how they get sorted

A

genetics, early childhood experiences, peer experiences

impacts attachment, impulsivity, social skills, attitudes

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55
Q

coercive controlling violence typology

A

emotionally abusive pattern of control and manipulation

isolation, minimizing, denial, threats

severe, frequent, escalating

most common, mostly men

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56
Q

violent resistance typology

A

resist partner
acute, short lived
ineffective, dangerous
mainly women

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57
Q

situational couple violence typology

A

results from conflict
most common
both men and women
ineffective communication
mild

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58
Q

mutual violent control typology

A

both are controlling and violent
women may be more persistent
less likely to seek help

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59
Q

separation instigated violence typology

A

no violence until context of separation
sudden loss
1-2 mild to severe
men and women

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60
Q

cobra typology

A

decreased heart rate
antisocial, extreme violence
violent outside relationship
less common

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61
Q

pit bull typology

A

anger, heart rate increase
emotionally dependent, jealous, fear abandonment
controlling
inside relationship
more common

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62
Q

biological theories - head injuries

A

contribute to loss of temper, aggression, emotional distress

poor memory and executive function

frontal lobe dysfunction - judgement, problem solving

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63
Q

biological theories - neurotransmitters

A

heightened testosterone - aggression, violence, dominance

lack of serotonin - mood, depression, aggression, impulsivity, violence

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64
Q

biological theories - genetics

A

aggression and violence

brain structure and function
prefrontal cortex - attention, impulse control
amygdala - emotion processing, fear
limbic system - emotion, sexual behaviour

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65
Q

psychological factors of IPV

A

psychopathology
personality disorder
attachment
anger and hostility
communication issues
self esteem
substance use

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66
Q

cognitive behavioural theory

A

How one perceives and thinks about something affects how they feel and behave regarding that thin

cognitions - how we perceive world + affective - emotions = behaviours

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67
Q

CBT model - therapy

A

identify cognitive distortions, automatic thoughts, and schemas

challenge and modify

therefore impact behaviour

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68
Q

CBT model and IPV

A

maladaptive cognitions and problem solving techniques lead to violence

modify cognitions that impact control

impact of social learning theory - seeing violence forms automatic scripts for dealing with violence

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69
Q

CBT target cognitions by social learning theory

A

dehumanization - seeing less than human

victim blaming

deindividuation - absolving oneself of responsibility

moral justification - violence is acceptable

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70
Q

CBT and social information processing theory

A

perceive, analyze, choose response, act out, analyze, adjust

hostile attribution bias, irrational belief, cognitive biases impact cognitive processing for those steps

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71
Q

CBT and schemas

A

thinking patterns to explain environments

conflict - trigger negative schemas that are learned

“Others are always trying to take advantage of me.”

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72
Q

CBT and affective factors

A

anger and emotion dysregulation

severe anger problems

anger makes treatment and intervention difficult

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73
Q

impact of trauma on development and IPV

A

psychological development, attachment, emotional regulation, self control

place someone at increased risk of aggression by heightening threat sensitivity

perceived threat - anger - hypersensitive - perceived threat

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74
Q

trauma and attachment

A

fear of abandonment
experiencing abuse - normalize violence

use violence to control relationship

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75
Q

Common Associations between Mental/Personality Disorders and IPV Factors

A

poor interpersonal skills
emotional dysregulation
impulsivity
substance abse
hostility
conflict in relationship

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76
Q

mental health disorders associated with IPV

A

depression
anxiety
PTSD
schizophrenia
bipolar
intermittent explosive disorder

linked with low treatment adherence, dropout, and recidivism.

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77
Q

depression and IPV

A

psychological and physical

lower relationship satisfaction - conflict

hopelessness, irritability - lashing out

alcohol, substance abuse

self directed violence impacts partner

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78
Q

anxiety and IPV

A

GAD, panic disorders, social phobias

attachment theory - fear of abandonment

seek reassurance - strain

emotional dysregulation

low self esteem - anger

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79
Q

PTSD and IPV

A

irritability and anger outbursts

hypervigilance

flashbacks - lash out

memory issues

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80
Q

schizophrenia and IPV

A

delusions and hallucinations - persecutory = fear of being threatened

disorganized thinking - not rational

disorganized speech - communication issue

substance abuse

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81
Q

bipolar disorder and IPV

A

affect/emotional dysregulation - extreme mood swings

depressive episodes

manic episodes - risk taking behaviour, racing thoughts, grandiosity - challenged by partner

sexual activity in mania

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82
Q

intermittent explosive disorder and IPV

A

impulse control
sudden disproportionate reactions
high emotional arousal
cannot control behaviour

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83
Q

personality disorders associated with IPV

A

ASPD
BPD
PARANOID
SCHIZOTYPAL

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84
Q

ASPD

A

pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of rights of others

deceitful, impulsive, aggressive

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85
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

instability in interpersonal relationships

efforts to avoid abandonment

identity disturbance

impulsivity

intense anger

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86
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

distrust and suspiciousness

unjustified doubts

hidden meanings

grudges

perceives attacks on character

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87
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

reduced capacity for relationships

perceptual distortions

unusual beliefs

paranoid ideation

excessive social anxiety

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88
Q

substance abuse and IPV

A

cocaine and ASPD - difficulty controlling anger

irritable, prone to violence

disinhibit aggression

focused perspective

lifestyle that fosters IPV

lack rational judgement

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89
Q

psychological approach criticisms

A

blame the victim
claim that mental illness causes violence
ignores social and cultural considerations

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90
Q

what is a risk assessment

A

Process of gathering information about people to make decisions regarding their risk

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91
Q

sources of information for risk assessment

A

interviews - person being assessed, collateral, victim
psychological testing
clinical file information
criminal record, school records, healthcare

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92
Q

overarching goals of risk assessment

A

consistent/replicable results
prescriptive
open/transparent

preventing

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93
Q

types of risk factors

A

fixed/historical/static - does not change over time

variable/dynamic - has ability to change over time

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94
Q

approaches to risk assessment

A

unstructured clinical judgement

actuarial - quantitative, algorithmic

structured professional judgement - brings together clinical and actuarial - comprehensive and individualized risk factors

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95
Q

actuarial approach

A

combines risk factors through mechanistic approach - algorithm, equation

provide absolute risk estimates

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96
Q

3 factor model of psychopathy

A

deficient affective experience - lack of remorse, shallow affect, no responsibility

impulsive behavioural lifestyle - need stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, impulsive

arrogant interpersonal style
- glibness, grandiose, cunning, lying

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97
Q

psychopathy and IPV

A

IPV offenders - lower PCL scores

PCL scores - violent recidivism, general recidivism, strongest predictor of dichotomous IPV recidivism

98
Q

SARA-V3

A

SPJ tool

nature of IPV, perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors

tool for prevention and risk management

good consistency, reliability

99
Q

nature of IPV risk factors

A

intimidation
threats
physical harm
sexual harm
severe
chronic
escalating
ipv related supervision violations

100
Q

perpetrator risk factors

A

problems with…
intimate relations
non-intimate relations
employment/finances
trauma/victimization
general antisocial conduct
major mental illness
personality disorder
substance use
violent/suicidal ideation
distorted thinking about IPV

101
Q

victim vulnerability factors

A

problems with…
barriers to security
barriers to independence
interpersonal resources
community resources
attitudes or behaviours
mental health

102
Q

case formulation in risk assessment

A

gathering and integrating information

develop account of variables affecting mental health

guide decision making

103
Q

goals of formulation in risk assessment

A

root causes
relevant risk factors
pathways to violence
guide scenario planning

104
Q

scenario planning

A

repeat - consider all violence
twist - motivation, victim, behaviour
escalation - worst case
improvement - best case

105
Q

risk management

A

target relevant risk factors

monitoring - warning signs
supervision - controls, restrict freedons
treatment - rehabilitation

106
Q

risk assessment conclusory opinions

A

degree of effort or intervention required

serious physical harm risk

imminent violence risk

107
Q

victim predictors of victimization

A

history of abuse
substance abuse
economic hardship
mental illness
personality disorder
low education
social isolation
pregnancy

108
Q

depression and victimization

A

more severe, chronic, types of ipv = more depressive symptoms

sexual abuse has highest association

109
Q

impacts of depression on victims

A

ability to function, do things around house, decreased ability to defend selves, low self esteem, pervasive lack of happiness

110
Q

PTSD and victimization

A

more likely to experience IPV

severity, chronicity, more forms - greater symptoms

comorbid with depression

sleep disturbances, concentration - conflict

hypervigilance - conflict

111
Q

sleep and victimization

A

IPV impacts sleep
depression and PTSD

need to be alert, lack of sleep - confusion - control

nightmares - tight sleeping

run down, headaches, fatigue, reduced ability to cope

112
Q

victimization, suicide and self harm

A

increased suicidal ideation and intent

physical and sexual abuse - more likely

dealing with, way out

113
Q

victim blaming

A

blame selves, perpetrators, third parties

asking why they dont leave

contributes to perpetration - they deserve it

associated with negative outcomes and substance abuse

114
Q

predictors of victim blaming

A

men - blame and be blamed
older, less education
knowing previous - blame new
defy stereotypes, gender norms, provoking - blamed more

frequency increases blame
severity decreases blame

115
Q

substance use in victims

A

greater association with IPV
coercive control - encourage drugs, restrain treatment
coping with violence
alcohol abuse

116
Q

victim blaming and substance abuse

A

violating norms - increase blame

increase feelings of self blame - just world theory

seen as less truthful

prescription - less impact - fits into submissive stereotype

117
Q

victimization and chronic pain

A

one of the highest associations

disabling pain even long after abuse - joints, back, neck, headaches

pain dismissed by healthcare providers

CVD issues, other issues (allergies, diabetes, malnutrition)

118
Q

somatoform and psychosomatic disorders

A

somatoform - physical symptoms with psychological cause

psychosomatic - physical symptoms made worse by stress

weight loss, gain, headaches, stomach pain

119
Q

victim daily life impacts

A

psychological impact - struggle to connect with others

ability to enter another relationship

capacity for enjoyment

120
Q

financial abuse

A

form of coercive control

controlling freedom - trapped - harder to leave - cannot save money

forced into stay at home role

less finances - increased stress on homes

121
Q

economic autonomy

A

freedom and control over finances and choices to work

lessens financial stress

stress with finance decisions

122
Q

embodiment and 5 dimensions

A

perception and experience of own body, feelings of ownership and control

self care
experiencing desire
comfort and connectedness
agency, functionality
not self-objectifying

123
Q

protective responses of embodiment

A

body dissociation - disconnection or avoidance, distract from pain, separate from body

disembodiment - detachment from body, self is no longer in body, trauma happening to someone else

124
Q

low sense of embodiment impact

A

dismiss or legitimize sexual violence

body as limitation in defending themselves

lose sense of self, mental health impacts, shame about body

125
Q

sexual health in victims

A

gynaecological - endometriosis, bleeding, uti, sti, pain

feeling a lack of sexual decision making - fear of saying no - increases STI, pregnancy

miscarriages or infertile - increased IPV risk

126
Q

impacts to pregnant women

A

higher IPV risk

stress - premature labour, miscarriage, neonatal death

inadequate nutrition, preterm birth, low birthweight

127
Q

increased risk factors in pregnant IPV victims

A

insufficient weight gain, PTSD, depression, unhealthy drinking and smoking - harm mothers attachment to child

128
Q

pregnancy stressors and risk factors

A

stress, anger over pregnancy, mothers attention shifting to baby

finances

patriarchal role - might not take well to childcare

younger, less educated, lower income, unmarried, seperated or divorced

129
Q

intimate partner femicide

A

homicide of a woman by current or intimate partner

often involves another victim or suicide

hard to predict - difficult to differentiate from severe IPV

130
Q

factors for intimate partner femicide

A

serious disputes - separation

warning signs - stalking, threats, ultimatums

perpetrator capacity - life threatening violence, history of violence, weapons, escalation

mental problems, substance abuse, mental illness, nihilistic or suicidal thoughts

131
Q

secondary victims

A

not the primary target of violence, who suffers from direct or indirect violence because of
IPV perpetration

132
Q

secondary victims - children

A

number one secondary victims - age 5-6 - IPV more prevalent in homes with children

psychological, physical impacts

133
Q

general information - children as secondary victims

A

very likely to notice

more suicidal in future, psychiatric disorders

hard to differentiate if harm is happening to them

impact brain development, behaviour, emotion

more likely to perpetrate or become victims

134
Q

preschool children as secondary victims

A

more impact - spend more times with parents - cannot escape

impact self-esteem, social skills, physical impact, emotional regulation, attachment

135
Q

preschool children - internalizing and externalizing

A

externalizing - manifesting internal - aggression, hyperactivity

internalization - making something a part of self - self esteem, anxiety, depression, social withdrawal

136
Q

PTSD symptoms in preschool children

A

intrusive, unwanted memories

behavioural and emotional avoidance

hyperarousal

137
Q

resilience

A

adapting well despite exposure to stress and trauma

successfully reaching developmental goals, good behavioural and emotional functioning

138
Q

resilience - protective factors

A

individual - positive emotional development, empathy, intelligence, self esteem, engaging in activities

family - good parents - healthy coping skills, positive attachment

139
Q

adolescents as secondary victims

A

depression, PTSD, substance use to cope

disrupt identity - negative coping mechanisms

peer relationships and social competence are protective

140
Q

victim resources

A

shelters
hotlines
legal
financial
counseling

141
Q

IPV screening

A

screening
first point of contact

frequent injuries, missed appointments, sudden mental health problems, reluctance to be examined, controlling partners

142
Q

who should be screened for IPV and the process

A

all with injuries, pregnant, STIs, chronic pain

private, normalization, believe, offer assistance

143
Q

victim safety plans

A

danger of imminent or severe violence

go bag, places to stay, safe words, dangerous rooms

144
Q

sentencing first time offenders

A

leniency - no history
demoralizing for victims - frequent abuse but havent been caught

145
Q

how do the police prevent IPV

A

arrest, gather evidence, mandatory charging, following up

peace bonds - no criminal activity but victim fears safety

146
Q

progressive police attitudes

A

understand complexity
understand barriers
believe IPV is important
training to recognize

147
Q

problematic police attitudes

A

simplifying IPV
tolerating - justifying
minimal police involvement
victim blaming

148
Q

police perpetration of IPV

A

trained to be violent, stressful jobs, warrior mentality, access weapons

protection from consequences - victims reluctant to report

blue wall of silence

149
Q

how do lawyers assist victims

A

navigate complex legal system

help with restraining orders, family orders, no contact orders, divorce, child custody

assistance with finance

150
Q

barriers to assistance with lawyers

A

defence might undermine victim
lawyers advise to not bring up accusations of IPV
lawyers not educated about IPV

151
Q

victims complaints about lawyers

A

lack of understanding, errors, didnt understand trauma, child impacts, judgements, advise to hide it, mistakes during trial

152
Q

judges impacts on victims

A

tone can affect experiences - fairness, allow personal experiences, denounce IPV

keiras law - judge ignored claims of IPV and it ended with murder

153
Q

juries and victims

A

less educated, rely on stereotypes, listen to media

well educated - informed decisions

154
Q

expert testimony admissibility

A

mohan - necessary, relevant, qualified, no exclusionary rule

daubert - relevant and reliable, scientific, judge final decision

155
Q

expert impact on victims

A

impartial

witness can give direct help to victim - medical professional can agree that its abuse

156
Q

victims experiences in courts

A

therapeutic jurisprudence -court system affects the wellbeing of those who pass
through it, and therefore courts should try to maximize their “healing potential

well informed, in control, empowered - more likely to seek help

ignored, silenced, pressured - less likely

157
Q

secondary victimization by law enforcement

A

lack of assistance in prosecution - PTSD

intrusive questions

158
Q

secondary victimization by courts

A

legal processes stressful

feel humiliated, lack of empathy, afraid, ignored - feel worthless, PTSD

having to go through details of case

159
Q

secondary victimization by healthcare

A

lack of time, resources, uncomfortable asking about IPV

too much focus on mental health - “fix”

make them feel believed, provide appropriate assistance

160
Q

childrens manifestation of PTSD

A

developmental regression
trauma reenactment in play
changes in emotional arousal or activity - externalizing

intrusive recollections, avoidance, affect and cognition, hypervigilance, memory

161
Q

why should we consider alternative IPV perspectives?

A

impacts everyone
different populations have different experiences, vulnerabilities, manifestations

162
Q

women as perpetrators

A

more frequently aggressive
mutually aggressive
striking first
lesbian relationships have higher IPV

163
Q

types of abuse and women perpetrators

A

non-physical abuse seen as less serious

physical abuse seen as more serious the worse it becomes

women and men - psych and phys equally - men suffer fewer injuries - perceived as less serious

164
Q

women perpetrators - bidirectionality

A

most is bidirectional, then women perpetrating, then men

sexual violence is unidirectional

worse outcomes, severe violence

165
Q

risk factors for psychological abuse

A

general model of aggression

parental aggression, BPD, trauma, anger, emotional dysfunction

166
Q

risk factors for physical abuse

A

anger - women

antisocial and borderline traits
relationship conflict, communication issues - stress
dominance
negative attributions
substance use

167
Q

risk factors for severe assault

A

sexual abuse victimization, relationship conflict, violence approval - <men

ptsd and substance abuse - only men

dominance, anger, aspd, criminal history, neg attitudes, neglect, ACE

168
Q

men as victims

A

crime stats go against this

condemned, “matters less”, more likely to minimize, brush off, viewed as acceptable, blamed

women perpetrate coercive control - more physically aggressive and controlling

169
Q

male victims - disclosure and help seeking

A

masculine - take care of selves, little emotion - weak, shameful

seen as being in control

if defend self - charged

those who ask for help - ridiculed

170
Q

male victims - impact

A

damage masculinity, loss relationships, lack of trust, mental health, career impact, trauma

171
Q

male victims - stereotypes

A

gender stereotypes - violence rated more seriously with female victims

women abusers not perceived as bad, male violence not worthy of assistance

men = “powerful” = could leave

172
Q

men treated as perpetrators

A

gender stereotypes to cast victims as perpetrators

authorities - unfair treatment, bias

men act aggressive with poor treatment

females received lower sentences - secondary victimization

173
Q

male victims impact to masculinity

A

shattered, loss of identity, weak

emasculation and confusion - hide the violence

psychological violence - confused to whether they are a victim

174
Q

men becoming perpetrators because they are victims

A

helplessness

express sadness and depression as anger

intense emotions - anxiety and anger - more likely to perpetrate

175
Q

mental health in male victims

A

PTSD and sleep - nightmares, stress, anxiety

depression - suicide, lack of enjoyment, isolation, relationship loss

provide opportunities to exert coercive control over victim

176
Q

male victims - the solution

A

training authorities - believe victims
increase services for men
thorough investigations
increased therapy
change how they are treated by law

177
Q

LGBT relationship history

A

recent acceptance - isolation, lack of belonging, no social support

178
Q

history of violence in LGBT relationships

A

high levels - bullying, harassment, physical common in many domains

higher for those who violate gender norms, are discriminated against or stigmatized

179
Q

role of general violence

A

LGBT more likely to experience - being kicked out, loss friends, employment - can move in w partner but violent partner = coercive control, barriers, financial abuse, vulnerable

general violence - strain relationship - increaase IPV

180
Q

IPV prevalence in LGBT relationships

A

higher than heterosexual

bidirectional

financial abuse, coercive control, shaming, threats, emotional and physical abuse

women - more CC, physical, shame, threats

181
Q

coercive control in LGBT relationships

A

dominance and emotional control common in same sex relationships

outing - unique

HIV - threaten to reveal

partner as only trusted support means power imbalance

182
Q

reporting of IPV in LGBT relationships

A

underreported - police dont file as IPV, unwilling to reach out, lack of trust in law

internalized homophobia - self dislike, negative self concept, depression - barrier to help seeking

183
Q

transgender victims

A

hostility from family, friends, even LGBT community

greater risk of victimization than cisgender

more likely to experience physical, sexual IPV

no difference in gender assigned at birth

184
Q

unique forms of IPV in transgender individuals

A

wrong pronouns, deadnaming, ridiculing gender, denying hormones, hiding tools, threatening to out

185
Q

barriers to support in LGBT relationships

A

limited understanding - no tailored support

stigma - embarrassment and shame

systemic inequalities - refused care due to biases

lack of reaching out - discrimination, agencies untrustworthy

186
Q

IPV and ethnicity and prevalence

A

visible minority experience more, indigenous even more

consistent across lifetime and types of abuse

non-immigrant - more - age

187
Q

outcomes of IPV across ethnicities

A

does not differ much

associated with other risk factors - SES, access to services - can confound research

188
Q

immigration and IPV

A

small social circle, no support, language barriers, lack of employment

dealing with new and old family dynamic expectations, values under threat = violence

reliance on partner - finances, immigration status - coercive control

189
Q

immigration and perceptions of IPV

A

define differently based on cultural background

may perceive abuse as normal

190
Q

immigration and responses to IPV

A

cultural differences - different coping

place family above own well being, blame selves, normalize violence, rely on religious based problem solving

reach out to informal supports - fail - silence, self harm

191
Q

immigration and barriers to reporting

A

poor experiences or expectations

cultural values around separation

reliance on partner

192
Q

what is honour based violence and categories

A

motivated by beliefs about honour, shame, perceived injustices

patriarchal, hierarchical, traditional, collective, restrained (control over basic needs), avoidant of uncertainty

193
Q

HBV and IPV

A

can emerge in intimate relationships - usually in family violence (daughter dating someone not approved)

sexual transgressions, social transgressions, defy authority

194
Q

indigenous people and violence

A

more like to experience

physical and sexual assault, have contact with police as children, experience violence as children, homicide, lack of confidence in police

195
Q

colonial violence and colonization theory

A

Indigenous peoples’ high violence risk stems from the effects of historical trauma.

indian act, residential schools, sixties scoop, cultural genocide

196
Q

intergenerational trauma

A

cycle of violence - exposed to violence as child - manifests through violence as an adult

exposure to direct violence - residential schools, coercive control, abuse

197
Q

spiritual abuse

A

more subtle

children separated from culture, forbidden from engaging in cultural practices - cause resentment towards culture

isolated, lost, not belonging, preventing passing on values = not ready to be parents

198
Q

impacts of intergenerational trauma

A

family disruption
substance abuse and addiction
poverty
mental health
criminal activity
family violence and IPV

199
Q

indigenous people and IPV

A

higher risk for men and women

colonization theory - internalized oppression and trauma is responsible

social learning theory - learn that IPV is acceptable through observation

developmental models - growing up with violence impacts behaviour, emotions, social development

200
Q

indigenous people and IPV risk factors

A

colonial/historical violence, trauma, rural areas

201
Q

rural areas as a risk factor

A

isolated from support

fewer shelters, doctors, hospitals - less screening

distance to services, seasonal travel

202
Q

other risk factors - IPV and colonization theory

A

young, low education, unemployment, alcohol/substance use, partners dominance, family size

203
Q

2S/LGBT and IPV

A

compound effects of racism, sexism, homophobia

risk pronounced for gender transgressing

most common form of violence for 2s and gender diverse people

204
Q

risk factors of indigenous 2S/LGBT

A

ACE, being under responsibility of government, poverty, homelessness, rural areas, substance abuse

205
Q

indigenous people and IPV - reporting - government

A

lack of trust in canadian government

inadequate government response

see government as illegitimate

government as unhelpful

206
Q

indigenous people and reporting - communities

A

tight knit communities

everybody knows everybody

accessing indigenous support - reporting to someone you know

perpetrator may be respected figure

informal support - disbelief, shame,

207
Q

indigenous people and reporting - other

A

maintain family

unaware of services

fear of repercussions

judgement and mistreatment

208
Q

indigenous and IPV - protective factors

A

economic mobility
education
employment
access to services
social connection
cultural identity

209
Q

adolescent IPV - continuum of violence

A

predictor of adult IPV is adolescent IPV

desist - still have negative mental health, social functioning

210
Q

adolescent IPV - manifestations of violence

A

lack independence - control remotely - text, calls

digital IPV - social media

211
Q

adolescent risk factors that increase IPV involvement

A

family violence
neighbourhood violence
bullying
racial/ethnic discrimination
ses segregation

212
Q

adolescent IPV - patterns of violence

A

age crime curve - for all types

most people start dating in adolescence

psychological, physical, then sexual

fewer relationships, but unstable - negative outcomes

213
Q

adolescent IPV - reporting

A

distorted rates - school samples - does not capture most at risk - involved in justice system, expelled, homeless

overlaps with LGBT youth who report higher rates

214
Q

diathesis stress model

A

vulnerability - genetics, physiological, temperamental

interacts with environmental stressor

increase negative mental health outcomes

215
Q

cumulative stress model

A

the more risk factors - triggers for chronic or severe stress - the worse the outcome

risk factors - witnessing violence, abuse, neglect

clusters of risk factors are worse

216
Q

biological sensitivity theory

A

biological differences in how one interacts with world

highly sensitive - strong reactions to pos and neg environments - thrive and little resiliency

less sensitive - less responsive to stressors - emotional buffer

217
Q

adaptive calibration model

A

stress response system - manage reaction - changes based on environment or experiences, optimize to prepare us

sensitive - SRS quickly adapts. pos = lower reactivity, function optimally. neg = SRS will over compensate

protective responses carried forward into life - become maladaptive, trigger IPV perpetration - perceive threats, respond violently

218
Q

adolescent IPV - the solution

A

examine as a series of maladaptive behaviours that can be untaught

focus on general violence, educate youth on relationships, parent engagement, peer mentoring, peer engagement

219
Q

two major points - SPJ and IPV Cook et al

A

SPJ guidelines are analytical tools - help evaluators determine relevant risk factors - keeps process less chaotic

formulation plays a key role

220
Q

two ways of formulation - SPJ & IPV Cook et al

A

formulate roles played by relevant risk factors - decisions about if, why, how, when to perpetuate violence

formulation of management plans - scenario planning

221
Q

going beyond with structured approaches - Cook et al

A

opinions about nature, severity, imminence of risk, understand complexity of risk factors

222
Q

impact of victim vulnerability factors - cook et al

A

violence is interpersonal and considering VV sheds light on decision making

223
Q

largest unmet needs in healthcare - Wadsworth et al

A

adults - mental health

children - lack of immunizations, well-childcare

224
Q

sample - Wadsworth et al

A

from shelters

disproportionate - black women, women with children, low income, emotional and physical violence

225
Q

perceived health and effect of IPV - Wadsworth et al

A

women reported overall positive health ratings

majority - IPV negatively effected in some way

older age - more health problems

226
Q

unmet health care needs - Wadsworth et al

A

larger issue for women than for children

low income - lack of access

more need for mental health care than physical

227
Q

barriers faced by participants - Wadsworth et al

A

transportation problems
cost of care
lack of safety

228
Q

patient centres models - Wadsworth et al

A

offer both physical and mental health care

participants indicated they probably would use it

high use and acceptability

229
Q

IPV screening - Wadsworth et al

A

most have not been screened

universal IPV screening, education and training

230
Q

reasons for not disclosing abuse - Wadsworth et al

A

shame and guilt, lack of privacy, retaliatory violence, loss child custody, judgement

230
Q

challenges for survivors - Heward Belle et al

A

face difficulties in legal system - especially with mental health issues

compounded by intersectional factors

231
Q

judicial systems role - Heward Belle et al

A

legal system influences survivors safety, family law outcomes, child welfare, mental health

lack of understanding = secondary victimization

232
Q

limited understanding - Heward Belle et al

A

rely on gender stereotypes - undermine womens testimonies, excuse male violence

233
Q

negative effects on survivors - Heward Belle et al

A

deter help seeking

retraumatize

replicate power imbalance

234
Q

need for judicial training - Heward Belle et al

A

trauma informed training

understand IPV mental health impacts

prevent further harm

enhance support

235
Q

intersectionality - Heward Belle et al

A

recognize complex needs of survivors - ensure sensitive judicial responses

236
Q

recommendations - Heward Belle et al

A

increase awareness through training

judicial actors to educate the community

237
Q

residential school impacts - Hoffart & Jones

A

severe abuse experienced - intergenerational effects - especially with coping mechanisms like substance use

physical, psychological, sexual, cultural abuse

238
Q

role confusion - Hoffart & Jones

A

segregation by gender - difficulties forming relationships with opposite sex later in life

contributes to dysfunctional relationships

239
Q

dysfunctional family life - Hoffart & Jones

A

former residential students - family instability, neglect, violence - difficulty with navigating family life

higher IPV rates

240
Q

normalization of violence - Hoffart & Jones

A

began in childhood - witnessing in residential schools or homes

continued into adulthood - violence is a problem solving method

PSYC 391 (6 decks)

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