Week 1 - Introduction to IPV Flashcards
What is violence?
Violence is the actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm on another person that is deliberate and nonconsenting.
What are some examples of physical harm associated with violence in the criminal code (4)?
Physical harm examples include assault, use of deadly force, sexual assault, and assault with a weapon.
What constitutes serious psychological harm in the context of violence?
Serious psychological harm includes fear of physical injury or psychological consequences that substantially interfere with a person’s health or well-being, such as threats, intimidation, or forced confinement.
What is the “reasonable person test” in relation to violence?
The “reasonable person test” asks whether a reasonable person in the same situation would feel fearful.
What types of psychological harm are not considered violence?
More mild psychological harm, such as feelings of frustration or distress from insults, is not considered violence.
What criteria must be met for an act to be considered violence?
intentional, non-consensual, and illegal.
must also affect someone other than the perpetrator
self-harm causing harm to others can qualify.
Intentional Violence vs Reckless/Negligent Violence
Violence that is deliberately chosen and likely to cause harm.
Violence resulting from reckless or negligent behavior, even if not deliberately intended.
Acute vs chronic physical harm
Injuries that occur suddenly, ranging from minor cuts and bruises to severe internal bleeding.
Long-term injuries developing over time, ranging from minor headaches to severe chronic pain or loss of function.
Acute vs chronic psychological trauma
Short-term psychological effects such as nervousness, hypervigilance, and nightmares.
Long-term psychological conditions like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and phobias.
Self-Directed Violence
Includes suicidal behaviors (thoughts, attempts) and self-abuse (self-harm, self-mutilation).
Collective Violence
Includes social violence (terrorist acts, organized hate crimes), political violence (war), and economic violence (denying access to essential services).
Interpersonal Violence
Includes community violence (e.g., random acts, institutional violence) and family violence (e.g., child abuse, elder abuse, intimate partner violence).
IPV (Intimate Partner Violence) and 4 types
Violence by a current or former intimate partner, including physical, sexual, stalking, and psychological violence.
Gaslighting
psychological violence
abuser manipulates the victim into doubting their own perceptions and sanity
80% called crazy
used for control
Digital IPV
Technology-facilitated violence including abusive messages, tracking, accessing devices, and image-based sexual abuse.
Severe IPV
Conduct likely to cause grievous or life-threatening injury, such as using weapons or strangling
against a vulnerable victim
medical attention or hospital
Chronic IPV
Violence that occurs frequently or over an extended period, often in a cyclical pattern of tension, violence, and reconciliation.
How is violence considered a decision?
Violence is a result of a choice or decision, whether intentional, reckless, or negligent. It involves evaluating whether it will solve a problem, weighing benefits against risks, and assessing personal capability.
What are some behaviors that characterize IPV?
intimidation - induce fear, not explicit(e.g., verbal abuse, threatening gestures)
threats - explicit harm threats (e.g., death threats, brandishing a weapon)
physical harm - will or likely to cause harm, intentional or reckless (e.g., punching, restraining)
sexual harm - will or likely, intentional or reckless (e.g., sexual assault, sexually degrading language).
What are some forms of IPV recognized by the Canadian government?
Forms of IPV include financial abuse, spiritual abuse, reproductive coercion, coercive control, and technology-facilitated violence (cyberviolence).
What reproductive and sexual health issues are commonly associated with IPV?
unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy-associated death, preterm births, low birth weight, peripartum depression, and substance use.
What is “pregnancy-associated death”?
refers to a maternal death attributable to a condition not affected by pregnancy occurring within one year of the pregnancy. IPV increases the risk of this type of death.
How does IPV affect pregnancy outcomes?
IPV can lead to preterm births and low birth weight in infants.
What types of physical injuries are common due to IPV?
Contusions, lacerations, and fractures, especially in the head, neck, and face, are common. Chronic pain, gastrointestinal issues, brain injuries, and cardiovascular diseases can also result from IPV.
What psychological effects can IPV have on victims?
depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicidal behavior, eating disorders, substance abuse, concentration problems, and difficulties in social, educational, and occupational areas. Victims may also experience somatization and feelings of blame and guilt.
How does IPV impact children’s development?
IPV affects children’s attachment to caregivers and disrupts their social, emotional, and psychological development. It can lead to problems with cognitive functioning, academic success, and interpersonal relationships.
What long-term risks do children exposed to IPV face?
developing physical and mental health disorders
become victims or perpetrators of IPV later in life
What is the global prevalence of IPV among women?
Around 30% of women globally have been victims of IPV
Which groups are at a higher risk of experiencing IPV globally?
Higher risk groups include women aged 18-24, ethnic minorities, individuals with mental or physical disabilities, and those with low socioeconomic status.
How do IPV rates for men compare to those for women?
While most victims are women and most perpetrators are men, some studies show that rates of male and female IPV victimization are similar when reported accurately
What are some reasons for the increasing IPV rates in Canada?
Increasing awareness, improved education for the public and law enforcement, and better legal measures may contribute to higher reported rates of IPV.
What worries prevent victims from reporting IPV?
70% of IPV doesnt get reported
Factors include fear of increased violence, financial dependence, isolation, lack of knowledge about IPV, and distrust in the legal system
risk factors that prevent reporting
lower education, poorer SES, history or current substance abuse, prior exposure to abuse, partner dependence, mental illness
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect IPV rates?
led to an increase in IPV perpetration due to stress, isolation, job loss, and reduced access to support services. Victims found it harder to seek help due to lockdowns and social restrictions.
rise in hotline calls, increased website traffic related to IPV, and a rise in IPV-related police activity.
decrease in IPV trauma at hospitals - no room
What factors contribute to variations in IPV rates across Canadian provinces and territories?
Factors include rural vs. urban locations, Indigenous populations, and differences in education and resource availability.
Isolation in territories leads to higher IPV rates due to fewer resources, longer wait times, and challenges in accessing victim support services.
What is a common myth about IPV allegations?
A common myth is that victims exaggerate or fabricate allegations. In reality, false allegations are very rare.
example of actual, attempted, and threated harm
actual - slapping
attempted - trying to pull hair
threatened - “you’ll regret that”
example of deliberate and non consenting behaviour
shooting somebody
driving recklessly
throwing a glass and it shatters and cuts someone nearby
IPV impacts to daily life
relationship with perp, other parties, future partners
shame, blame
productivity- hard to focus on work or hobbies
legal history of IPV
before 1983 reform - criteria for rape
- penetration
- man against woman
- without consent, with consent via fear, impersonating husband, lying
- occur outside bonds of marriage
IPV Trends Compared to 2014
32% increase in adult IPV.
42% increase in IPV against seniors.
163% increase in intimate partner sexual assault.
14% increase in physical assault (most common form of IPV).
38% increase in harassment.
Forms of IPV (Most to Least Common)
Physical assault (most common).
Sexual assault.
Uttering threats.
Criminal harassment.
Firearms and Homicide in IPV
1% of IPV incidents involved a firearm.
25% of IPV homicides involve a firearm (vs. 50% in the USA).
46% of female homicide victims were killed by an intimate partner, compared to 6% of male victims.
Of 1,223 intimate partner homicide victims, 79% were women and girls.
IPV Rates by Province (Per 100,000 Population)
Saskatchewan: 732
Manitoba: 633
New Brunswick: 441
Newfoundland & Labrador: 421
Alberta: 388
Quebec: 365
Nova Scotia: 344
British Columbia: 292
Ontario: 257
Prince Edward Island: 247
IPV Rates by Territory (Per 100,000 Population)
Nunavut: 5,284
Northwest Territories: 4,139
Yukon: 1,310
