Week 6 (Intelligence- Genes/Environment)

Question 1

Genotype and Phenotype

Answer 1

Genotype: Genetic component, coded in DNA that we inherit from our parents
Phenotype: Outward manifestation of the individual

Question 2

Environmental influence (intelligence)

Answer 2

-Socioeconomic status
-Prenatal health
-Birth order
-Family size
-Culture
-Education

Question 3

Galton (1985)

Answer 3

-Studied relationship between intelligence and genetics/environment
-Looked at eminence and families, boys adopted by eminent men and raised in privilege less likely to be eminent than natural-born privileged sons of eminent men
-Concluded that intelligence is genetically determined and fixed at birth

Question 4

Three main methods of investigating the influence of genetics/ environment on intelligence in humans?

Answer 4

-Family studies
-Twin studies
-Adoption studies

Question 5

Hierarchy of similarity (Family studies)

Answer 5

1. Siblings
2. Aunt-Niece
3. Cousins
4. Stepparents / Stepchild

Question 6

Family studies

Answer 6

First degree relatives
-Parents, siblings, children (50% genetic similarity)

Second degree relatives
-Grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces (25%)

Third degree relatives
-Great-grandparents , great-aunts, great-uncles, first cousins

Question 7

Twin studies

Answer 7

Monozygotic or Identical twins
-Identical genotype
-100% genetic similarity

Dizygotic or Fraternal Twins
-Genetically no more alike than other siblings
-50% genetic similarity

Question 8

Eysenck twin studies

Answer 8

-Found that monozygotic twins scored more similarly than dizygotic twins
-But twins are treated more similarly, reared together

Question 9

What impact does rearing together or apart have on similarity

Answer 9

Those reared together are more similar than those reared apart.

Question 10

Cyril Burt twin studies

Answer 10

-Attributed differences in intelligence to genetics
-People claimed he fabricated his data
-Raw data could not be found
-Support was found when twins reared apart had a .72 and .76 similarities in intelligence in various studies