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Personality and Individual differences > Week 4 (Trait theories of Personality and Biological Influences) > Flashcards

Week 4 (Trait theories of Personality and Biological Influences) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of traits

A

Higher levels description of people’s thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours, that remain relatively stable across the lifespan.

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2
Q

Definition of facets

A

Components of traits that tend to be more specific than traits that tend to become more of less relevant depending on the situation.

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3
Q

Definition of characteristics

A

Temporal moments of facets that tend to be associated with the physical acts of facets.

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4
Q

Idiographic Vs Nomothetic

A

Idiographic
-Focuses on recognition of uniqueness
-Uses subjective experiences
-Based on the study of uniqueness of the individual

Nomothetic
-Attempts to generalise people
-Uses objective knowledge
-Based on numerical data or data that can be categorised

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5
Q

Definition of Idiographic approach

A

The study of one individual without comparing them with any other

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6
Q

Definition of Nomothetic approach

A

Describes personality in terms of sets of dimensions (traits) that can be applied to other people (via quantitative methods)

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7
Q

What did Hippocrates and Galen theorise about personality?

A

That there are different classifications of human “temperaments”, or personality, linked to the elements (and bodily fluids)

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8
Q

What does the Choleric classification of personality mean (Hippocrates and Galen)

A

Yellow bile
-Determined, quick to act, fiery, energetic, passionate

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9
Q

What does the Sanguine classification of personality mean (Hippocrates and Galen)

A

Blood
-Warm hearted, outgoing, volatile, optimistic, cheerful

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10
Q

What does the Phlegmatic classification of personality mean (Hippocrates and Galen)

A

Phlegm
-Slow, patient, calm, quiet, shy, rational, consistent

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11
Q

What does the Melancholic classification of personality mean (Hippocrates and Galen)

A

Black Bile
-Serious, anxious, quiet, fearful, depressed, poetic, artistic, sad.

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12
Q

What did Persian polymath Avicenna add to Hippocrates and Galen’s classification of personality.

A

-emotional aspects
-mental capacity
-moral attitudes
-self-awareness, movements and dreams

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13
Q

What did William Sheldon theorise about personality

A

Somatotypes (types of physique)

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14
Q

What are the traits of the endomorph somatotype

A

-Sociable
-Peaceful
-Tolerant
-Large body

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15
Q

What are the traits of the mesomorph somatotype

A

-Assertive
-Proactive
-Vigorous
-Muscular

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16
Q

What are the traits of the ectomorph somatotype

A

-Insecure
-Sensitive
-Delicate
-Weak muscles

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17
Q

What did Gordon Allport theorise about personality

A

-Suggested that people who were raised within similar cultures would most likely have the same, or similar common traits.

Cardinal traits:
-Traits that dominate/ Shape behaviour

Central traits:
-Basic building blocks of your personality

Secondary traits
-Variable traits such as the likes and dislikes

18
Q

What were the different types of data that Raymond Cattell collected?

A

-L-data: life records
-Q-data: questionnaires
-T-data: lab observations and testing

19
Q

What questionnaire did Raymond Cattell develop?

A

The 16 personality factor (16PF) questionnaire

20
Q

Source traits and Surface traits (Raymond Cattell)

A

Surface traits: collections of trait descriptors that cluster together
Source traits: identified via factor analysis and refers to underlying trait that is responsible for the variance in these observable surface traits.

21
Q

Hans Eysenck, three basic personality dimensions

A
  1. Extroversion - Introversion
  2. Neuroticism - Stability
  3. Aggressiveness/ egocentricity - self control (Psychopathy)
22
Q

Extroversion to Introversion dimension (Eysenck)

A

-Interactivity with others
-Extraverts seen as sociable and impulsive who love excitement
-Introverts seen as quiet, introspective individual who prefer well-ordered life

23
Q

Neuroticism to Stability dimension (Eysenck)

A

-Measure of emotional behaviours
-Neurotics were seen as emotionally unstable individuals with unreasonable fears and obsessional symptoms.

24
Q

Biological bases of extraversion trait

A

-Lower level of cortisol arousal
-Highly-extraverted people are naturally less stimulated, so they seek it out

25
Q

Biological bases of Neuroticism trait

A

-More reactive limbic (nervous) system
-Highly N individuals are more sensitive to environmental stimuli

26
Q

Biological bases of psychoticism

A

-Low levels of dopamine
-Vulnerability to inhibit irrelevant stimuli and impaired learning of societal rules

27
Q

What are the three dimensions to temperaments

A

-Emotionality
-Activity
-Sociability

28
Q

What are the 5 components of “The Big Five”

A

-Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism

29
Q

What is “openness to experience” in the big five

A

-Involves characteristics of showing intellectual curiosity, divergent thinking and a willingness to consider new ideas and an active imagination
High scorers:
-Unconventional
-Independent
-Imaginative
-Prefer variety

Low scorers:
-Conventional
-Conforming
-Down to earth
-Prefer familiarity

30
Q

What is “conscientiousness” in the big five

A

-This dimension describes the degree of self-discipline, control and the active process of planning, organising, and carry out tasks.
High scorers
-Well-organised
-Careful
-Self-disciplined
-Determined

Low scorers:
-Disorganised
-Careless
-Weak-willed
-Easily distracted

31
Q

What is “extraversion” in the big five

A

-This factor represents a measure of individuals sociability , assertiveness, and activity
High scorers:
-Sociable
-Fun-loving
-Affectionate
-Energetic
-Optimistic
-Assertive

Low scorers:
-Retiring
-Sover
-Reserved
-Even-paced
-Independent

32
Q

What is “agreeableness” in the big five

A

-This dimension indicates characteristics that are relevant for social interactions, such as traits for altruism and cooperativeness
High scorers
-Soft-hearted
-Trusting
-Helpful
-Sympathetic

Low scorers
-Antagonistic
-Suspicious
-Unhelpful
-Uncooperative

33
Q

What is “neuroticism” in the big five

A

-This dimension measure’s individual’s emotional stability and personal adjustment and tendency to experience negative affect, such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt and disgust.
High scorers
-Worried
-Insecure
-Self-pitying
-Anxious

Low scorers
-Calm
-Well-adjusted
-Less reactive
-Emotionally stable

34
Q

What is the easy way to remember the big five

A

OCEAN

35
Q

How is the big five measured

A

NEO-PI-R

36
Q

What did Vukasovic and Bratko’s 2015 study report about genetic inheritance of big five characteristics

A

That 40% of individual’s differences in personality were due to genetic, while 60% are due to environmental influences.

37
Q

Three approaches to identifying traits

A
  1. Analysis of natural language (the lexical approach)
  2. Using statistical techniques (e.g. factor analysis) to identify patterns in data.
  3. Theorising –> deducing fundamental traits.
38
Q

What impact does life-changing events have on personality?

A

-A surprisingly small effect.
-Obtaining a job increased emotional stability
-Emotional stability increased in the period before childbirth and then dropped again.

39
Q

Stengths of the trait approaches

A

-Empirical investigation
-Questionnaires developed
-Not bound to theoretical assumptions
-Scientifically sound area of psychological research
-Cross-cultural consistency in 5 factors

40
Q

Limitations of the trait approaches

A

-Heavy reliance on self-reports
-Derived from everyday language
-Factor analysis only as good as the items included
-Descriptive but not explanatory
-Factors may not mean the same thing across cultures.

Personality and Individual differences (11 decks)

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