Week 6: Innovation

Question 1

Importance innovation

Answer 1

Demand from society, sustainability, societal impacts, raising productivity, competition (monopoly profits), digitalization

Question 2

Rise in productivity

Answer 2

Improved working conditions
Emancipation / equality
Higher life expectancy
Education
Innovations/investments

Question 3

Types of innovations

Answer 3

Technological: products/processes
Social: management skills / organization principles
Fundamental/breakthrough
Incremental
Disruptive: start at bottom of market (simple applications), less expensive and more accessible, moving upmarket and replacing competitors

Question 4

Roaring 20s: new peak / increased productivity

Answer 4

1. New fundamental innovations
2. Booming investment in technology
3. Rapid adaption new technology

Question 5

Stakeholders innovation

Answer 5

Government (funding/budgets)
Non-government (also scale-ups, start-ups)
Innovation ecosystem (supply/value chain)

Question 6

Innovation ecosystem (see figure)

Answer 6

Knowledge ecosystem (architect/inventions)
–> lack of value creation
Entrepreneurship (materializers/firms)
–> lack of knowledge creation
Business ecosystem (users / buying innovations)
–> lack of niche creation

Question 7

Container bookings: current ecosystem (see figure): what do the colors mean?

Answer 7

Green: alignment of interests/goals, incentive plan, mutual benefit, plan/responsibilities/timeline defines, agreement signed
Yellow: partial alignment, incentive not pleasing both, plan/responsibilities/timeline unclear
Red: lack of alignment, incentives, plan and agreement

Question 8

Sixth wave containerization

Answer 8

Geopolitical (BRI China, Northern Route, near-sourcing, disruption)

Question 9

Innovations relating to container

Answer 9

Fundamental: ISO container
Incremental: Twistlock
Process: synchromodal transport (demand just transport, mobility as service, use all capacity)
Process/Incremental: deep-sea/inland terminals, automation, larger ships, IT systems

Question 10

Advantages containerization

Answer 10

Increased labour productivity
Growth international trade
Simplified (un)loading (standardisation/simplicity)
Easier transfer to other transport modes
Decreased costs
Solution to congestion
Global division of work

Question 11

Disadvantages containerization

Answer 11

CO2 and other emissions
Empty containers
Cultural drawback

Question 12

Foldable container: positive/negative

Answer 12

Positive: smaller when empty, less space in transport so reduction emissions and costs, lower storage costs
Negative:
Changing infrastructure
Folding costly (3 people needed)
Container heavier
Empty containers filled with e.g. waste
Spare capacity on trucks/barges