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PEDS - Nicole > Week 6 - Hematology > Flashcards

Week 6 - Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of platelet diseases

A
  • pallor
  • bruises
  • bleeding
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2
Q

Signs of progressive tumor or complication of sickle cell

A
  • tachypnea
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3
Q

Disorders of blood cell amount/volume

A
  • Iron-deficiency anemia

- Aplastic anemia

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4
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia definition

A

Bone marrow produces small RBCs that are LOW in Iron

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5
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia patho

A
  • diet insufficient in iron
  • vegetarian
  • “white food”
  • shift from formula to cow’s milk
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6
Q

Is Iron Deficiency Anemia a disorder of malnutrition?

A

NO

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7
Q

Is Iron Deficiency Anemia preventable and reversible?

A

Yes

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8
Q

S/s Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Pallor (white sclera)

- Decreased CBC

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9
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia prevention and teaching

A
  • breastfeed and formula until 6 months
  • iron fortified food at 6 months
  • limit cow’s milk
  • vary diet
  • supplementation with Vitamin C
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10
Q

What can supplementation cause?

A
  • constipation

- stained teeth

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11
Q

Aplastic Anemia definition

A

Abnormality of bone marrow causes pancytopenia

  • low RBC
  • low WBC
  • low platelets
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12
Q

S/s of Aplastic Anemia

A

Depends on which type of blood is lowest:

  • Anemia (weakness, fatigue, pallor)
  • Leukopenia (fever, frequent infections)
  • Thrombocytopenia (abnormal bleeding)
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13
Q

Aplastic Anemia interventions (4)

A
  • Prevent exposure to the cause
  • Keep infections away (wash hands, immunization)
  • Immunosupression meds
  • Bone marrow transfusion (severe cases)
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14
Q

Coagulation Abnormality Disorders (3)

A
  • Immune thrombocytopenia
  • Hemophilia
  • Von Willebrand’s Disease
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15
Q

Immune thrombocytopenia definition

A

Decreased platelets as a result of a immune-mediated response

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16
Q

S/s Immune thrombocytopenia

A
  • Petechiae (small bruises)

- Purpura (large bruises)

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17
Q

Hemophilia definition

A

Issue of the clotting cascade

18
Q

Hemophilia types

A
  • Hemophilia A: missing factor VIII

- Hemophilia B: missing factor IX

19
Q

S/s Hemophilia

A
  • bleeding in the join that can occur without trauma

- might not be diagnosed until later in life

20
Q

Von Willebrand’s Disease definition

A

Genetic disorder missing or abnormal Von Willebrand factor (a clotting protein)

21
Q

Signs of decreased clotting

A
  • heavy menses
  • epitaxis (nose bleeds)
  • increased abnormal bleeding
  • gingival bleeding
  • bruising from minor/spontaneous
  • joint pain and damage from swelling
22
Q

Decreased clotting teaching

A
  • prevent injury
  • medical alert bracelet
  • signs of decreased platelets
  • sneezing with mouth open to decrease pressure
23
Q

Decreased clotting treatment

A
  • administer factor VIII and factor IX

- desmopressin (stimulates release of Von Willebrand factor)

24
Q

Disorders of blood cell function and anatomy (3)

A
  • Thelassemia
  • Sickle Cell Disease
  • Hereditary Spherocytosis
25
Q

Thelassemia definition

A

Anemia due to abnormally found hemoglobin (varying severity)

26
Q

Major Thelassemia s/s

A
  • Pallor
  • Irritability
  • Growth retardation
  • Hepatospleenomegaly
27
Q

How can you prevent infection for blood cell function disorders?

A
  • Hand washing
  • Penicillin
  • Vaccination
28
Q

Thelassemia treatment

A
  • transfusion q 3-5 weeks with 1-3 units of blood
  • splenectomy
  • iron chelation r/t frequent transfusions - removes the high levels of iron
29
Q

Sickle Cell Disease definition

A

Change in genetic make up causes sickling of RBC

30
Q

Highest risk ethnicities of Sickle Cell

A
  • African American

- Mediterranean

31
Q

Sickle Cell Disease genetics

A
  • Autosomal recessive

- 6th amino acid is altered

32
Q

S/s of Sickle Cell Disease

A
  • Acute Sequestration crisis (blood pooling in spleen, risk for hypovolemic shock)
  • Vaso-occlusive crisis (stressors that cause RBC to sickle)
  • Aplastic crisis (worsening anemia)
  • Spleenomegaly
33
Q

Vaso-occuluisve crisis (4)

A
  • Clumping (altered peripheral perfusion and tissue hypoxia)
  • Severe pain
  • Swelling
  • Visual disturbance
34
Q

Sickle Cell teaching (5)

A
  • hydration, keep out of high temps
  • know limitations
  • prevent infection (wash hands, penicillin, vaccinations)
  • folic acid daily supplementation
  • Hydroxyuria
35
Q

Hydroxyuria

A
  • chemo drug that activates the fetal hemoglobin production

- helps replace sickled RBC

36
Q

Sickle Cell treatment

A
  • Splenectomy
  • Transfusion
  • Treat the vaso-oclusive crisis (PCA, IV fluids, infection tx, O2)
37
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Sphered shape RBC

38
Q

S/s Hereditary Spherocytosis

A
  • anemia
  • jaundice (when RBC are broken apart bilirubin is released)
  • splenomegaly
39
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis teaching

A

Prevent infection!

  • wash hands
  • penicillin
  • vaccinations
40
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis treatment

A
  • splenectomy

- transfusion in severe cases

PEDS - Nicole (8 decks)

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