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ABSN NUR 326 > Week 6: Cardiovascular Problems > Flashcards

Week 6: Cardiovascular Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

A

arteries become clogged due to atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What are the three main categories of problems with the heart?

A
  1. Electrical (conduction)
  2. Plumbing (artery blockage, spasm, valve issue)
  3. Pump (heart muscle)
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3
Q

Coronary artery disease is a ______ term

A

umbrella

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4
Q

What is included under the CAD umbrella?

A

heart attack, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart disease

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5
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?

A

age, family hx, gender, ethnicity, genetics

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6
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD?

A

HTN, smoking, DM, obesity, diet, HLD, and depression/stress

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7
Q

Etiology of ischemic heart problems

A

atherosclerosis develops in the arteries causing an artery blockage, the blockage causes decreased tissue perfusion causing the heart to work harder to pump the blood

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8
Q

What is endothelial dysfunction?

A

vessels aren’t necessarily blocked but become narrowed when they are supposed to be dilated

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9
Q

What causes endothelial dysfunction?

A

DM, HTN, HLD, smoking

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10
Q

S/S of CAD

A

may be asymptomatic, AGINA,

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11
Q

What is stable angina?

A

when the coronary blood is diminished but not blocked, the pain is brought on by exertion and relieved with rest

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12
Q

What are atypical angina symptoms in women?

A

hot or burning, tenderness, NOT always in the chest, indigestion, heart burn, nausea, fatigue/weakness, lightheadedness, and dyspnea

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13
Q

How would you describe the chest pain of a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

-not brought on by exertion
-may radiate to other places (neck, jaw, abd, shoulder, arm)
-not relieved in 2-5 min
-other s/s

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14
Q

How to treat stable angina?

A

EDUCATE (what MI pain feels like, decreasing activity and preventing further atherosclerosis)
Nitrates

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15
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

disease that affects the myocardium

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16
Q

What causes cardiomyopathy?

A

usually idiopathic but can be because of…
-ischemia
-HTN
-inherited disorders
-infections
-toxins
-myocarditis
-autoimmune

17
Q

what can cardiomyopathy lead to?

A

heart failure

18
Q

What is the definition for heart failure?

A

a chronic progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodies needs

19
Q

What is increased with heart failure?

A

preload and afterload

20
Q

What is decreased with heart failure?

A

cardiac output, myocardial contractility

21
Q

What are the major causes of heart failure?

A

MI, chronic HTN, COPD, dysrhythmias, valve disorders, PE

22
Q

R/F for heart failure

A

HTN (greatest risk), DM, within 6 months of MI, African American, genetics, age obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle

23
Q

What diseases increase your risk for heart failure?

A

COPD, severe anemia, certain viruses, kidney conditions, and alcohol/drug abuse

24
Q

What part of the heart enlarges with left sided heart failure?

A

the left ventricle

25
Q

Where does the blood blackflow for left sided heart failure?

A

into pulmonary veins

26
Q

What happens to the lungs due to left sided failure?

A

they can become congested

27
Q

What s/s are associated with left sided heart failure?

A

cough, crackles, wheezes, frothy sputum (may be blood tinged), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and orthopnea

28
Q

What often causes right sided heart failure?

A

COPD with cor pulmonale

29
Q

Where can become congested with right sided heart failure?

A

right chambers, jugular veins, liver, and lower extremities

30
Q

Where does blood backflow with right sided heart failure?

A

vena cava

31
Q

Where does blood flow decrease with right sided heart failure?

A

the lungs

32
Q

What s/s are associated with right sided heart failure?

A

JVD, dependent edema, weight gain, and hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver)

33
Q

What determines if a patient has reduced ejection factor heart failure?

A

an EF < 40%

34
Q

What causes reduced ejection fraction?

A

impaired contractile function, increased afterload, cardiomyopathy and mechanical problems

35
Q

What part of the heart causes a reduced ejection fraction?

A

Left ventricle

36
Q

What does a failed left ventricle cause?

A

blood to backup causing fluid backup and accumulation

37
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction?

A

inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

38
Q

What is the primary cause of preserved ejection fraction?

A

HTN

ABSN NUR 326 (10 decks)

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