Week 6: Cardiovascular Problems Flashcards
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
arteries become clogged due to atherosclerosis
What are the three main categories of problems with the heart?
- Electrical (conduction)
- Plumbing (artery blockage, spasm, valve issue)
- Pump (heart muscle)
Coronary artery disease is a ______ term
umbrella
What is included under the CAD umbrella?
heart attack, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart disease
What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?
age, family hx, gender, ethnicity, genetics
What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD?
HTN, smoking, DM, obesity, diet, HLD, and depression/stress
Etiology of ischemic heart problems
atherosclerosis develops in the arteries causing an artery blockage, the blockage causes decreased tissue perfusion causing the heart to work harder to pump the blood
What is endothelial dysfunction?
vessels aren’t necessarily blocked but become narrowed when they are supposed to be dilated
What causes endothelial dysfunction?
DM, HTN, HLD, smoking
S/S of CAD
may be asymptomatic, AGINA,
What is stable angina?
when the coronary blood is diminished but not blocked, the pain is brought on by exertion and relieved with rest
What are atypical angina symptoms in women?
hot or burning, tenderness, NOT always in the chest, indigestion, heart burn, nausea, fatigue/weakness, lightheadedness, and dyspnea
How would you describe the chest pain of a myocardial infarction (MI)?
-not brought on by exertion
-may radiate to other places (neck, jaw, abd, shoulder, arm)
-not relieved in 2-5 min
-other s/s
How to treat stable angina?
EDUCATE (what MI pain feels like, decreasing activity and preventing further atherosclerosis)
Nitrates
What is cardiomyopathy?
disease that affects the myocardium
What causes cardiomyopathy?
usually idiopathic but can be because of…
-ischemia
-HTN
-inherited disorders
-infections
-toxins
-myocarditis
-autoimmune
what can cardiomyopathy lead to?
heart failure
What is the definition for heart failure?
a chronic progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodies needs
What is increased with heart failure?
preload and afterload
What is decreased with heart failure?
cardiac output, myocardial contractility
What are the major causes of heart failure?
MI, chronic HTN, COPD, dysrhythmias, valve disorders, PE
R/F for heart failure
HTN (greatest risk), DM, within 6 months of MI, African American, genetics, age obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle
What diseases increase your risk for heart failure?
COPD, severe anemia, certain viruses, kidney conditions, and alcohol/drug abuse
What part of the heart enlarges with left sided heart failure?
the left ventricle
Where does the blood blackflow for left sided heart failure?
into pulmonary veins
What happens to the lungs due to left sided failure?
they can become congested
What s/s are associated with left sided heart failure?
cough, crackles, wheezes, frothy sputum (may be blood tinged), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and orthopnea
What often causes right sided heart failure?
COPD with cor pulmonale
Where can become congested with right sided heart failure?
right chambers, jugular veins, liver, and lower extremities
Where does blood backflow with right sided heart failure?
vena cava
Where does blood flow decrease with right sided heart failure?
the lungs
What s/s are associated with right sided heart failure?
JVD, dependent edema, weight gain, and hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver)
What determines if a patient has reduced ejection factor heart failure?
an EF < 40%
What causes reduced ejection fraction?
impaired contractile function, increased afterload, cardiomyopathy and mechanical problems
What part of the heart causes a reduced ejection fraction?
Left ventricle
What does a failed left ventricle cause?
blood to backup causing fluid backup and accumulation
What is preserved ejection fraction?
inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
What is the primary cause of preserved ejection fraction?
HTN
