week 6

Question 1

define neuromuscular system

Answer 1

the combination of the nervous system and the muscles working together to permit movement.

Question 2

where at what is myelin sheath produced

Answer 2

PNS by the Schwann Cells

Question 3

what are muscle tissue

Answer 3

is specialised for contraction to allow movement

Question 4

whats skeletal muscle

Answer 4

voluntary movement eg. limbs, body, face

Question 5

whats cardiac muscle

Answer 5

involuntary eg. heart

Question 6

whats smooth muscle

Answer 6

involuntary eg. blood vessels, bladder

Question 7

how do muscle tissue produce movement

Answer 7

shorten and thicken (contraction)

Question 8

skeletal muscle function

Answer 8

Produces skeletal muscle movement
 Maintains posture and body position
 Supports soft tissues
 Guards entrances and exits
of tracts
 Helps maintain body temperature by shivering

Question 9

where is a skeletal muscle located

Answer 9

run form on bone to another, crossing at least one joint

Question 10

what are skeletal muscle composed of

Answer 10

muscle belly- contains contractile ability

tendons - attach to the bone

Question 11

what is muscle tissue properties

Answer 11

excitable- sustain action potentials within themselves
conductive
elastic-will come back to original position

Question 12

properties of skeletal muscle fibre

Answer 12

Long cylindrical, striated fibres.
 Multinucleate – numerous peripheral nuclei
 Sarcolemma = plasma membrane
 Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm
 Contain many mitochondria

Question 13

two types skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 13

• Type I (slow-twitch) :contract much longer (less rapid) and don’t fatigue as easily (maintenance of muscle tone)
• Type II (fast-twitch):contract rapidly however fatigue quickly, less as you get older = slow reaction time.

Question 14

whats myofibrils

Answer 14

• Densely packed, rod-like elements
• Contain sarcomeres - contractile units
• sarcomeres contain myofilaments

Question 15

whats sarcomas

Answer 15

 Smallest contractile units (functional units) of muscle fibres
 Align along myofibril like freight cars of a train
 Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of
19
contractile proteins

Question 16

process of muscle contraction

Answer 16

• Myosin attaches to the actin
• Pulls the actin towards the centre of the sarcomere
• Sarcomeres shorten, muscle fibres shorten, entire muscle contracts, movement occurs

Question 17

whats neuromuscular junction

Answer 17

situated midway along length of muscle fibre
 Axon terminal and muscle fibre separated by gel-
filled space called synaptic cleft

Question 18

motor units in muscle usually contract

Answer 18

contract asynchronously - helps prevent fatigue

Question 19

whats muscle tone

Answer 19

A muscle at rest is always partially contracted (taut)
tone of the muscle at rest is maintained as different motor units contract at different times, a small number being active at any one time.

Question 20

when is muscle tone absent

Answer 20

Muscle tone is absent during deep sleep and unconsciousness.

Question 21

whats flaccid

Answer 21

A muscle with a degree of tone less than normal is

Question 22

whats spastic

Answer 22

A muscle with a degree of tone greater than normal is

Question 23

whats muscle regeneration

Answer 23

 Skeletal muscle fibres can’t divide
 If damaged, limited regeneration
 Most of a damaged area will be “patched” by fibrous scar tissue which is non-contractile

Question 24

whats hypertrophy

Answer 24

response to regular, forceful use of a muscle
 Increase in number of contractile proteins
 Increase in diameter of individual fibres not an increase in number of muscle fibres

Question 25

whats atrophy

Answer 25

-response to disuse
-Initially fibres shrink as contractile proteins are broken down and recycled
 Muscle fibres may later degenerate and be replaced by fibrous tissu

Question 26

causes of neuromuscular disease

Answer 26

Neuropathy:
• failure of electrical impulse to be conveyed to nerve
Junctionopathy:
• failure of chemical message to bridge the
synaptic gap
Myopathy:
• failure of muscle to contract
Genetic mutation
 Viral infection
 Autoimmune disorder
 Hormonal disorder
 Metabolic disorder
 Dietary deficiency
 Certain drugs and poisons

Question 27

symptoms of neuromuscular diseases

Answer 27

muscle weakness or parlysis
muscle wastage
continuous muscle spasm
muscle twitcing
muscle pain
breathing or swallowing difficulties

Question 28

whats Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 28

is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact

Question 29

whats myasthenia gravis

Answer 29

is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs.

Question 30

whats motor neurone disease

Answer 30

is the name given to the group of diseases in which the motor neurones undergo degeneration and die

Question 31

whats Parkinson’s disease

Answer 31

s a disorder of the nervous system. It results from damage to the nerve cells in a region of the brain that produces dopamine, a chemical that is vital for the smooth control of muscles and movement.

Question 32

whats Multiple Sclerosis(MS)

Answer 32

is a long-lasting disease that can affect your brain, spinal cord, and the optic nerves in your eyes. It can cause problems with vision, balance, muscle control, and other basic body functions

Question 33

whats Cerebral Palsy(CP)

Answer 33

is a problem that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. It hinders the body’s ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way. … CP often is caused by brain damage that happens before or during a baby’s birth, or during the first 3-to-5 years of a child’s life.