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BMA 3 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

whats the 4 primary tissue types

A

epithelium
connective tissue
nervous tissue
muscle

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2
Q

whats nervous tissue

A

intervnetal communication (brain, spinal cord and nerves)

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3
Q

whats muscle tissue

A

contracts to cause movement
muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
muscles of heart (cardiac)
muscles of walls of organs (smooth) INVOLUNTARY

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4
Q

whats epithelial tissue

A

form boundaries between different environments.
protects, secretes, absorbes, filters
skin surface

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5
Q

whats connective tissue

A

supports, protects, binds tissue together

bones, tendons,

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6
Q

where are the four primary tissues in the skin

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue in the epidermis
  2. Connective tissue in the dermis
  3. Smooth muscle tissue in arterioles and attached to hairs (arrector pili)
  4. Nervous tissue in nerves
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7
Q

whats skin also called

A

integument

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8
Q

what s the three lakers of skin

A 
1. Epidermis
• outer epithelial layer
2. Dermis
• a deep supporting layer of dense
connective tissue
3. Hypodermis
• subcutaneous layer composed of loose connective & adipose tissue
-  connective tisse, insulate and protect tissue underneath
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9
Q

whats stratified mean

A

lots of layers

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10
Q

whats squamous mean

A

flattened

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11
Q

whats the epidermis

A
  • outer layer
  • avascular
  • oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood vessels of the dermis
  • constants renewal replaced every 25-45 days
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12
Q

the process of creating new epiderms

A

cells move from the deepest layer of epidermis to more superficial layer, they flatten, produce large amounts of keratin (tough, waterproof protein) and eventually die

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13
Q

whats the most superficial and deepest later of the 5 epidermal layer

A

stratum corner: dead keratinised flattened cells

stratum basale:alive, needs access to oxygen and nutrients otherwise they will die

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14
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

produce keratin

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15
Q

what are melanocytes

A

produce melanin

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16
Q

whats the dermis

A 
consists of connective tissue
cells include macrophages and fibroblasts which produce collagen and elastic fibbers to provide strength and flexibilty
contains:
- blood vessles
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves and sensory receptors
- sweat glands
- hair follicles
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17
Q

whats thick skin

A

covers palms, fingertips and soles off feet

  • very thick epidermis
  • lacks hair and oil glands
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18
Q

whats thin skin

A

covers rest of body

  • has hairs, sweat and oil glands
  • allows suppleness and agilty
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19
Q

does thick of thin skin heal quicker after an injruy

A

Injury where there are lots of hair, sweat glands, oil glands will heal quicker. Eg scull
THIN SKIN

20
Q

6 major functions of the skin

A
  1. Protection a.Chemical
    b. Physical
    c. Biological
  2. Sensation
  3. Metabolic function
  4. Blood reservoir
  5. Excretion
  6. Temperature regulation
21
Q

how does the skin profile protection

A

chemical barrier:
- acidic outside of skin
- dens inis (natural antibiotic) secreted by skin cells to kills bateria
- melanin protects DNA in underlying cells from UV damage
Physical barrier:
- keratin and oily secretions block most water from entering/ leaving body
Biological barrier:
- macrophages engulf and dispose of viruses and bacteriaa that manage to penetrate the epidermis

22
Q

how does the skin provide sensation

A

pain receptors: nocieptors
temperature receptors: chemoreceptors
touch, pressure and vibration receptor: mechanorecpetos

23
Q

how does skin have metabolic function

A

synthesis of vitamin D precursor

24
Q

how does skin have blood reserviour

A

can hold up to 5% of body bloods volume

25
Q

how does skin ecretion

A

• Nitrogenous wastes and salt are excreted in sweat

26
Q

how does skin regulate temperature

A 
increase in temperature leads to:
- dilation of vessles
- increase sweat gland activie
decrease in temperature leads to:
- contrictin of precapiliary sphincters to minimise heat loss to external environment
TEMPERATURE MONITORED BY thermorecpetors
27
Q

what does minor wounds invole

A

just epidermis

28
Q

what does major wounds involve

A

both epidermis and dermis

29
Q

skin repair two processes

A

regeneration

fibrosis

30
Q

whats skin repair regeneration

A
  • replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue can be restored to normal if:
  • damage is minor and involves just the epidermis
  • epidermis has stem cells to regenerate lost tissue
31
Q

what skin repair fibrosis

A

• replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue
• damage that includes the dermis leads to repair by
fibroblasts
• scar tissue does not have any of the same qualities as the tissue before the injury

32
Q

whats the three stages of skin repair

A

Stage 1. Inflammation: formation of blood clot
Stage 2. organisation or proliferative stage: formation of
granulation tissue
Stage 3. maturation: regeneration and fibrosis

33
Q

stage 1 of skin repair

A

inflamation
Function: prepare the wound for repair, eliminate invading organisms and remove foreign tissue.
damaged blood vessels release inflammatory chemical (mechrophasges)
clotting proteins produce a blood clot to stop from blood loss

34
Q

stage 2 skin repair

A

orginsation or proliferation stage
Function: to synthesise ECM including collagen and restore a blood supply
- blood clot replaced by granulation tissue )bring oxygen and nutrients required for healing)
- fibrolasrts produce collagen fibres that bridge the gap
- epithelial stem cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue

35
Q

stage 3 skin repair

A

maturation
- collagen laid down contracts to pull wound edges together
- existing blood vessels are compressed so the scar is avascular
MINOR WOUND: epithelial stem cells newr wound site divide and growunder scuba and regenerate epithelium, scab falls off and skin reflects preinjury tissue (will have underlying scar tissue)
MAJOR WOUND: scar tissue visible repair prodominately by fibrosis (has no elasticity or flexibility, no hair or sweat glands)

36
Q

skin damage due to Bruns

A
  • may lead to tissue damage, denture proteins, cell death
  • looks of skin function
  • immediate threat due to dehydration and electrolyte
  • infection via bacteria
37
Q

burn classification

A
  • 1st degree - Superficial burn
  • 2nd degree - Partial- thickness burn • Superficial partial-thickness burn • Deep partial-thickness burn
  • 3rd degree - Full-thickness burn • 4th degree - Subdermal burn
38
Q

1st degree: superficial burns

A
  • confined to the epidermis
  • no barrier functions altered
  • maybe painful
  • general heals by itself in less than a week without scarring
  • sunburn
39
Q

2nd degree burn: superficial partial thickness burn

A
  • destruction of entire epidermis and no more than a third of dermis
  • vessels injured
  • epidermis lifts off and causes blisters
  • most painful burns because nerve ending in skin are exposed
  • remming blood low is adequate and infection risk low
  • heal within 1-3 weeks
40
Q

2nd degree deep parital thickness burns

A
  • destruction of epidermis and most of dermis
  • dead tissue (NO BLISTERS)
  • wound appears white and dry
  • blood flow compromise
  • vulnerable to infection
  • reduced pain because nerve endings have been destroyed
  • would heal over 3 weeks
41
Q

3rd degree full thickness burn

A
  • complete destruction of epidermeris and dermis
  • results significant scarring
  • generally require a skin graft
  • no painful initaitlla
  • appearance can be any colour
42
Q

4th degreee: subnormal burns

A
  • compete destruction of epidermis and dermis
  • would appears charred,, dry and brown or white without sensation
    teatime often requires ampuation
43
Q

whats primary concern for burns and then secondary

A

fluid loss

then infection

44
Q

why do full thickness burns require skin graft

A

would take too long to heal by itself (open up to infections) therefore skin grafts used

45
Q

whats hypertrophic burns scares

A

scar with excessive collagen synthesis, leading to a raised or thickened area but contained within the wound margin
- are more prominent around joints where skin tension and movement are high (would impact on ROM)

46
Q

burn scar contractors

A

pathological result of long term shrinkage of a scar
• results in the inability to perform full range of motion of a joint
treatments include:
• Stretching
• Splinting
• Massage
• Skin grafting • Silicon gels

BMA 3 (8 decks)

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