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BMA 3 > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

defne ageing

A

is the accumulation of changes in an organism or object over time.

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2
Q

define senescence

A

is the normal process of changes in the body over time.

also known as primary aging

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3
Q

what are the two main theories of aging

A
  • Programmed Theory

* Error Theory (or Damage based Theory)

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4
Q

whats programmed theory

A 
predetermined ageing
includes
programmmed longevity
endocrine theory
immunological theory
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5
Q

whats programmed longevity theory

A

where ageing is the result of certain genes being switched on or off, in sequence, over time.

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6
Q

whats endocrine theory

A

where the biological clock acts through hormones to control the rate of ageing.

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7
Q

whats immunological theory

A

where the immune system is programmed to decline over time. Leading to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases and death.

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8
Q

whats error theory

A 
ageing is resulted for damage from biomechanical and environmental factors.
includes:
wear and tear thoery
cross linking theory
free radicals theroy
somatic DNA damage theory
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9
Q

whats wear and tear theory

A

where cells and tissues simply wear out from repeated use.

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10
Q

whats cross linking theory

A

where accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues.

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11
Q

whats free radicals theory

A

where free radicals cause damage to macromolecular components of cells, causing accumulative damage, impaired functioning and cell ageing.

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12
Q

whats somatic DNA damage theory

A

Where accumulation of DNA damage to cells causes them to age. Telomeres have been shown to shorten with each successive cell division.

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13
Q

whats aging determined by

A

genetic factors, but also heavily influenced by environmental factors such as diet, exercise, exposure to micro-organisms, pollutants and radiation.

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14
Q

examples of primary aging (senescence)

A
  • wrinked skill
  • brain cells loss
  • osteprosis
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15
Q

whats secondary aging

A

The degenerative diseases which become more common as we age
eg
atherosclerosis
caners

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16
Q

impacts to nervous system with aging

A

brain weights begins to define in 20s due to fluid loss and brain remodelling(strengthening connections we already have). reduction in blood supple

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17
Q

what has research shown that can improve memory

A

environmental factors

expectation on memory decline

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18
Q

what happens to the brain in dementia patients

A

neuronal loss may be less significant than changes in blood flow, receptor effectiveness and other changes in brain tissue.

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19
Q

what happens to neurones with ageing

A
  • neurons are lost those remaining show increased plasticity with lengthening axons and the sprouting of new dendrites.
  • allows new synapses to become established between adjacent cells compensating for some age related neuron loss.
  • decline in the synthesis of many neurotransmitters with age plus a decline in their receptors.
  • can slow reaction times, impair information processing and also increase the risk of depression.
20
Q

changes in vision

A 
lens:
-thickens,
• yellows,
• clouds and
• becomes less elastic
cornea thickens
pupil size reduced
21
Q

changes in accomodation

A

change in shape of the lens

Presbyopia.

22
Q

whats Presbyopia.

A

A form of hyperopia resulting from decreased elasticity of the lens.

23
Q

what changes within the lens

A
  • Thickening of the lens reduces the amount of light that can pass through the lens.
  • yellowing of the lens more light is necessary to stimulate the light receptors of the retina.
  • Night vision becomes impaired.
  • ability to differentiate between shades of blue, green and violet becomes impaired,
24
Q

define cataract

A

Clouding of the lens to any degree

Reduces & disperses light coming into the eye

25
Q

changes to pupil

A

Pupil becomes less responsive and has decreased ability to change size
contributes to impaired night vision and poor visual acuity

26
Q

two categories of hearing loss

A

conductive

sensory neural

27
Q

whats conductive hearing loss

A 
where conduction of sound waves through to the oval window is impaired.
Causes:
• Obstruction. Wax or foreign body.
• Less pliable tympanic membrane.
• Ossification of auditory ossicles
28
Q

whatssensory neural hearing loss

A

where nervous system reception of sound is impaired Causes:
• Loss of stereocilia
• Loss of neurones in the auditory cortex

29
Q

other changes with hearing

A
  • high frequency hearing loss. Makes higher pitch harder to hear.
  • balance impairment: Changes in the vestibular system include
    • A progressive loss of hair cells
    • Degeneration of otiliths
    • A diminished number of vestibular nerve cells.
30
Q

changes in the cellular immune system

A
  • loss function cell medicated immunity
  • increase in helper cells and decrease in supressor cells
  • elderly less protected against mycobacterial and viral infections
31
Q

changers to natural killler cells

A

decrease in number and/or effectiveness of NK cells

32
Q

changes in cardiovascular system

A
  • Contractility of heart muscle isn’t affected with ageing
  • diastolic filling reduced
  • reduction in ventricular distensibility
  • Body responses less well when under stress such as exercise (heart rate)
33
Q

whats atherosclerosis

A
  • a disease process
  • accumulation of macrophages and fibrous tissue causes damage to blood vessels
  • affects vessel wall disensibilty, so contributes to peripheral resistance thereofore blood pressure and therefore cardiac output
  • Atherosclerosis is not inevitable
34
Q

bararoreceptor changes

A

Baroreceptor reflex less efficient= decrease in blood pressure to brain when standing up

35
Q

changes to respiratory system

A
  • gradual loss of elastic lung recoil. due to damage or loss of elastic fibres in the alveolar walls
  • compliance reduces
36
Q

changes to renal system

A
  • Less able to deal with heat due to kidneys degeneration (dhydration)
  • Prostati hyperplasia-can cause problems with urine flow or cancer problems
37
Q

changes to gastrointestinal system

A
  • food intake diminised due to decrease in energy requirements, slowing metabolism
  • taste reduced
  • smell reduced
  • peristalsis of the gut slows leading to consitpation
  • rise in the incidence of colon cancers
38
Q

define sarcopenia

A

muscle atrophy and decrease in mass

39
Q

changes in muscles as we age

A

Reduction in muscle fibre numbers and size
• Increased fat deposits at expense of dense muscle tissue
• Reduction in blood flow to major muscle groups
• Reduction in motor neuron numbers
• Decreased efficiency of mitochondria.

40
Q

changes to skeletal system

A
  • reduction of activity often seen in older people contributes to decreasing bone mass.
  • stress of weight bearing exercises will continue to encourage osteoblasts to deposit calcium. So continued activity with age becomes very important.
41
Q

factors contributing to bone loss

A
  • Reduction of oestrogen levels in women
  • Reduction of testosterone levels in men
  • Reduction in levels of growth hormone
  • Reduction in absorption of calcium and vitamin D
  • Slight increases in parathyroid hormone
42
Q

changes to joints

A

joints more prone to mechanical damage.

Flexibility of the joint decreases

43
Q

changes to the integument

A

Reduced contact between epidermis and dermis results in an epidermis that separates easily from dermis by simple trauma (epidermis can be easily peeled off by simple trauma).

44
Q

changes to reproductive system women

A

Menopause
• The cessation of the normal menstrual cycle
• Preceded by perimenopausal phase of varied duration.
• Usually occurs between the ages of 45 – 55yrs the average being 51yrs in women in Australia .
• Reduced oestrogen levels
- reduced bone density
- reduced vasomotor control (hot flushes).

45
Q

changes to reproductive system male

A 
Andropause
• Collection of gradual changes thought to be caused by a gradual decline in levels of circulating testosterone
- increased body fat
- reduced muscle masss
- reduced bone mass
46
Q

regular exercise will improve

A

-muscle mass, strength and physical endurance
• coordination and balance
• joint flexibility and mobility
• cardiovascular and respiratory function
• bone strength
• body fat levels
• blood pressure
• susceptibility to mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression
• risk of various diseases including cardiovascular disease and stroke.

BMA 3 (8 decks)

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