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Geology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical disintegration of rock resulting in smaller fragments

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2
Q

Frost wedging

A

Mechanical breakup of rock caused by expansion of freezing water in cracks

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3
Q

Sheeting

A

Mechanical weathering process, splitting of slab like sheets of rock

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4
Q

Biological processes

A

Weathering done by humans/ organisms.

Vegetation

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5
Q

Salt growth

A

Sea spray or salty groundwater gets on the rocks, the salt crystals form as the water evaporates, as they get bigger they weaken the rock and push it apart making tiny cracks

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6
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Process by which internal structure is changed by removed or addition of elements

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7
Q

Dissolution

A

Dissolving minerals in water. Form of chemical weathering, dissolving a homogeneous solution, like acidic solution dissolves into limestone

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

Removal of one or more electrons from an atom so they combine with oxygen. Rusting

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9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical weathering process in which minerals are altered with water and acids

Dissolution and oxidation need hydrolysis to get started

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10
Q

Differential weathering

A

Variation in the rate and degree of weathering causes by such factors as mineral makeup degree of jointing and climate

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11
Q

How does climate influence the type of weathering that may occur

A

Temperature and precipitation are important. Freeze thaw cycle effects frost wedging. It also effects the amount of vegetation

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12
Q

Clastic

A

Sedimentary rock texture that consists of broken preexisting rock

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13
Q

Non clastic

A

Texture in sedimentary rocks where minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals

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14
Q

Crystalline

A

Same as non clastic

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15
Q

Detrital

A

Rocks that form from the accumulation of materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering

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16
Q

Understand figure 7.22

A

I

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17
Q

How does the volume of sedimentary rocks in earths crust compare with igneous and metamorphic

A

95% is igneous/ metamorphic

5% sedimentary (close to surface of the earth

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18
Q

2 ways sedimentary rocks are important

A

Contain evidence of past conditions

Has economic significance as well, coal is a sedimentary rock and oil,natural gas and uranium are derived from them

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19
Q

Difference between the 3 basic sedimentary rock categories

A

Detrital
Chemical
Organic: from carbon rich remains or organisms(coal)

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20
Q

What is the primary basis for distinguishing between detrital rocks

A

Particle size

21
Q

What are evaporites

A

I

22
Q

How do biochemical limestones differ from crystalline and travertine

A

Crystalline and travertine are inorganic

23
Q

What is the source material and environment for coal

A

Plants in a swamp environment

24
Q

What is diagenesis

A

Chemical, physical l, and biological changes after deposition (lithification/recrystallization) Promoted by burial

25
Q

Difference between clastic and non clastic rocks

A

Clastic: lithified by compaction and cementation

Nonclastic: lithified by recrystallization

26
Q

What types of weathering result in chemical sedimentary rocks

A

???

27
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Unending circulation of the earths water supply. Powered by energy from the sun, characterized by continuous exchanges of water among oceans atmosphere and continents

28
Q

Drainage basin

A

Land Area that contributes water to a stream

29
Q

Divide

A

Imaginary line that separates the drainage of 2 streams often found along a ridge

30
Q

Streams

A

General term for flow of water within any natural channel, both a small creek and a river

31
Q

River

A

A general term for a stream that carries a substantial amount of water and has numerous tributaries

32
Q

Dissolved load

A

Portion of the streams load that is carried in a solution

33
Q

Suspended load

A

Fine sediment carried within the body of flowing water on air

34
Q

Bed load

A

Sediment moved along the bottom of the stream by moving water, or particles moved along the ground surface by wind

35
Q

Saltation

A

Transportation of sediment through a series of leaps or bounces

36
Q

Sorting

A

Degree of similarity in particle size in sediment or sedimentary rock

37
Q

V shaped valley

A

I

38
Q

Floodplain

A

The flat low lying portion of a stream valley subject to periodic inundation

39
Q

Point bar

A

Crescent shaped accumulation of sand and gravel deposited in the inside of a meander

40
Q

Cut bank

A

Area of active erosion on the outside of a meander

41
Q

Alluvial fan

A

Fan shaped deposit of sediment formed when a streams slope is abruptly reduced

42
Q

Delta

A

An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean

43
Q

Where is sediment created in a river system

A

The headwaters of the river system. Most of it begins as bedrock and is carried downstream

44
Q

How do rivers carry their sediment load

A

The bedrock is broken down by weathering/ raindrops which knock particles loose and move them downslope by mass wasting

45
Q

What sizes of sediments can rivers move

A

Coarse sediments are deposited upstream and fine sediments make it all the way to the ocean

46
Q

How does the shape of a rivers landscape change as you travel down it’s coarse

A

Drainage basin top : v shaped at the top

47
Q

What kind of sedimentary rocks form in this environment

A

???

48
Q

Mass wasting

A

Movement of material downslope by gravity

49
Q

How do rocks get to the surface (3)

A
  1. Uplift from faulting
  2. Mountain building (collision uplifting)
  3. Sea level drop, more floor exposed

Geology (12 decks)

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