Week 6

Question 1

Mechanical weathering

Answer 1

Physical disintegration of rock resulting in smaller fragments

Question 2

Frost wedging

Answer 2

Mechanical breakup of rock caused by expansion of freezing water in cracks

Question 3

Sheeting

Answer 3

Mechanical weathering process, splitting of slab like sheets of rock

Question 4

Biological processes

Answer 4

Weathering done by humans/ organisms.

Vegetation

Question 5

Salt growth

Answer 5

Sea spray or salty groundwater gets on the rocks, the salt crystals form as the water evaporates, as they get bigger they weaken the rock and push it apart making tiny cracks

Question 6

Chemical weathering

Answer 6

Process by which internal structure is changed by removed or addition of elements

Question 7

Dissolution

Answer 7

Dissolving minerals in water. Form of chemical weathering, dissolving a homogeneous solution, like acidic solution dissolves into limestone

Question 8

Oxidation

Answer 8

Removal of one or more electrons from an atom so they combine with oxygen. Rusting

Question 9

Hydrolysis

Answer 9

Chemical weathering process in which minerals are altered with water and acids

Dissolution and oxidation need hydrolysis to get started

Question 10

Differential weathering

Answer 10

Variation in the rate and degree of weathering causes by such factors as mineral makeup degree of jointing and climate

Question 11

How does climate influence the type of weathering that may occur

Answer 11

Temperature and precipitation are important. Freeze thaw cycle effects frost wedging. It also effects the amount of vegetation

Question 12

Clastic

Answer 12

Sedimentary rock texture that consists of broken preexisting rock

Question 13

Non clastic

Answer 13

Texture in sedimentary rocks where minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals

Question 14

Crystalline

Answer 14

Same as non clastic

Question 15

Detrital

Answer 15

Rocks that form from the accumulation of materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering

Question 16

Understand figure 7.22

Answer 16

I

Question 17

How does the volume of sedimentary rocks in earths crust compare with igneous and metamorphic

Answer 17

95% is igneous/ metamorphic

5% sedimentary (close to surface of the earth

Question 18

2 ways sedimentary rocks are important

Answer 18

Contain evidence of past conditions

Has economic significance as well, coal is a sedimentary rock and oil,natural gas and uranium are derived from them

Question 19

Difference between the 3 basic sedimentary rock categories

Answer 19

Detrital
Chemical
Organic: from carbon rich remains or organisms(coal)

Question 20

What is the primary basis for distinguishing between detrital rocks

Answer 20

Particle size

Question 21

What are evaporites

Answer 21

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Question 22

How do biochemical limestones differ from crystalline and travertine

Answer 22

Crystalline and travertine are inorganic

Question 23

What is the source material and environment for coal

Answer 23

Plants in a swamp environment

Question 24

What is diagenesis

Answer 24

Chemical, physical l, and biological changes after deposition (lithification/recrystallization) Promoted by burial

Question 25

Difference between clastic and non clastic rocks

Answer 25

Clastic: lithified by compaction and cementation Nonclastic: lithified by recrystallization

Question 26

What types of weathering result in chemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 26

???

Question 27

Hydrologic cycle

Answer 27

Unending circulation of the earths water supply. Powered by energy from the sun, characterized by continuous exchanges of water among oceans atmosphere and continents

Question 28

Drainage basin

Answer 28

Land Area that contributes water to a stream

Question 29

Divide

Answer 29

Imaginary line that separates the drainage of 2 streams often found along a ridge

Question 30

Streams

Answer 30

General term for flow of water within any natural channel, both a small creek and a river

Question 31

River

Answer 31

A general term for a stream that carries a substantial amount of water and has numerous tributaries

Question 32

Dissolved load

Answer 32

Portion of the streams load that is carried in a solution

Question 33

Suspended load

Answer 33

Fine sediment carried within the body of flowing water on air

Question 34

Bed load

Answer 34

Sediment moved along the bottom of the stream by moving water, or particles moved along the ground surface by wind

Question 35

Saltation

Answer 35

Transportation of sediment through a series of leaps or bounces

Question 36

Sorting

Answer 36

Degree of similarity in particle size in sediment or sedimentary rock

Question 37

V shaped valley

Answer 37

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Question 38

Floodplain

Answer 38

The flat low lying portion of a stream valley subject to periodic inundation

Question 39

Point bar

Answer 39

Crescent shaped accumulation of sand and gravel deposited in the inside of a meander

Question 40

Cut bank

Answer 40

Area of active erosion on the outside of a meander

Question 41

Alluvial fan

Answer 41

Fan shaped deposit of sediment formed when a streams slope is abruptly reduced

Question 42

Delta

Answer 42

An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean

Question 43

Where is sediment created in a river system

Answer 43

The headwaters of the river system. Most of it begins as bedrock and is carried downstream

Question 44

How do rivers carry their sediment load

Answer 44

The bedrock is broken down by weathering/ raindrops which knock particles loose and move them downslope by mass wasting

Question 45

What sizes of sediments can rivers move

Answer 45

Coarse sediments are deposited upstream and fine sediments make it all the way to the ocean

Question 46

How does the shape of a rivers landscape change as you travel down it’s coarse

Answer 46

Drainage basin top : v shaped at the top

Question 47

What kind of sedimentary rocks form in this environment

Answer 47

???

Question 48

Mass wasting

Answer 48

Movement of material downslope by gravity

Question 49

How do rocks get to the surface (3)

Answer 49

1. Uplift from faulting 2. Mountain building (collision uplifting) 3. Sea level drop, more floor exposed