Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rock cycle

A

Model that illustrates the origin of the 3 basic rock types and the interrelatedness of earth materials and processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Igneous rock

A

Forms when molten rock solidifies. Can happen below or above the surface, or following a volcanic eruption. A result of CRYSTALIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sediment

A

(Clastic material) weathering breaks apart rocks that is transported and deposited to sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Consists of particles derived from weathering of other rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Crystallized rock formed through Solid state change: heat pressure and time. Rock formed by alteration of preexisting rock deep with in earth(still solid) by heat, pressure and or chemically active fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Crystallization

A

Magma cools and solidifies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Weathering

A

The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface of earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erosion

A

The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent suck as water wind or ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deposition

A

When sediment is transported and deposited, biggest site is the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lithification

A

The process generally involving cementation and or compaction if converting sediments to solid rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metamorphism

A

rock is buried deep in the crust heat pressure and time change it to metamorphic, changes composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Melting

A

Magma Forms when rocks melt deep beneath the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Molten material

A

Magma: molten rock that forms beneath earths surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Characteristics used to determine the process that created the rock (2)

A

Mineral composition

Texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extrusive

A

Molten rock solidifies at the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intrusive

A

Molten rock solidifies beneath the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ways to transport material (4

A

Gravity
Water
Wind
Ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mineral rock

A

Rocks composed of minerals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cleavage

A

Tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

20
Q

Hardness

A

A minerals resistance to scratching and abrasion

21
Q

Silicon oxygen tetrahedron

A

Elements abundant in the crust: A structure composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom that constitutes the basic building block of silicate materials

22
Q

Silicate material

A

Any of the numerous minerals that have the silicon oxygen tetrahedron as their basic structure

23
Q

Light (nonferromagnesian) minerals

A

Light in color, less gravity, contain aluminum potassium etc… NO IRON / MG

24
Q

Dark (ferromagnesian) minerals

A

Contains IRON AND MG. Darker and have higher gravity

25
Q

Characteristics of a mineral (5)

A
  1. Naturally occurring( geologic processes) ( not human/ lab made
  2. Generally inorganic
  3. Solid substance (ice, not water)
  4. Orderly crystalline structure:
  5. Definite chemical composition
26
Q

How do rocks differ from minerals

A

Rocks are more loosely defined, a rock is any solid mass of mineral, rocks are composed of different minerals, some are 1 pure( limestone)

27
Q

3 ways that minerals form

A
  1. Precipitation:
  2. crystalization of molten rock by cooking
  3. Mineral matter deposition by biological processes
28
Q

4th way that minerals form (in class)

A

Solid state diffusion - slow movement of atoms through a solid, due to heat and pressure

29
Q

What is a polymorph, give an example

A

(Many form)2 minerals with the same chemical composition with different internal structures and different formation environments
Example: graphite and diamond, when pure they are both just carbon. This is because they form at different places, depths, temperatures

30
Q

What is the difference between a rock forming mineral and an economic mineral

A

Rock forming: Minerals that make up the rocks of the earths crust (abundant)
Economic: (less abundant) minerals used in manufacture of products.
Some rock forming minerals can be used in economic (calcite)

31
Q

What is the most abundant mineral group, why?

A

Silicates, because the basic building block is silicon and oxygen, the most common elements in the earths crust.

32
Q

Apart from color, what is the main distinction between light and dark silicates

A

Dark has iron and mg, making there be more gravity

33
Q

Minerals are the ______ of rocks

A

Building blocks

34
Q

Definition of a mineral

A

Any naturally occcuring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structuring and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

35
Q

Generally inorganic

A

You don’t need living things to make them. Inorganic crystalline solids such as table salt(halite) that are generally found in the ground are considered minerals. (Sugar is not, it is extracted)
Can also come from mammals secretion( calcite) in the form of shells or coral reefs, of they are buried and become part of the rock record they are minerals

36
Q

What is an exception of a non liquid mineral

A

Mercury, is found in its liquid form in nature

37
Q

Orderly crystalline structure

A

. Made up of atoms that are arranged orderly.(crystals)

38
Q

Definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

A

We know what elements they are made of. Certain elements can substitute for others of similar size of similar size without changing the minerals internal structures

39
Q

How do minerals form from precipitation

A

Water containing dissolved material matter(ions) a drop in temp and water lost from evaporation gets it closer to saturation. When saturation is reached the ions begin to bond forming crystalline solids(salts) that settle out (precipitation) from the solution

40
Q

Crystallization of molten rock

A

Similar to water freezing. When magma is hot, the atoms are very mobile. As the molten material cools, the atoms slow and begin to chemically combine.

41
Q

Mineral matter deposition from biological processes

A

Water dwelling organisms (coral mollusks clams) create limestone use calcium from water and secrete calcium carbonate and create reefs.
Clams secrete calcite and aragonite, the remains are buried and become part of limestone

42
Q

Examples of dark silicates

A

Olivine
Pyroxenes
Amphiboles
Biotite mica

43
Q

Examples of light silicates

A 
Quartz
Potassium feldspar 
Plagioclase feldspar 
Clay minerals 
Muscovite
44
Q

Does glass have an orderly crystalline structure

A

No (not a mineral )

45
Q

Is halite a mineral

A

Yes: orderly crystalline structure

46
Q

Is ice a mineral

A

Yes, when water is solid

Melted- no

Geology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions