Week 6 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Johnson

co-products considerations

nutrients supplied
cost/lb of nutrient
safety
mineral imbalances
equipment, storage, and feeding requirements
mycotoxins
consistent supply
roughage value

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rice byproducts

rice hulls
rice bran
rice mill feed

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rice bran

full-fat

defatted

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rice mill feed

mixture of rice bran and ground rice hulls (full-fat, defatted)

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rice milling

paddy rice (dried, hull removed) --> brown rice kernal (outer layers removed) --> white rice kernal 
--> rice bran is outer layers?

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rice hulls nutrients

very low TDN, CP, Ca, P

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full-fat rice bran, 15% EE

very high TDN 70, CP 14.4, low Ca, and P

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defated bran

medium TDN 56
CP 16.3
low Ca and Higher P 1.95

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ice mill feed full-fat

TDN 42
CP 6.8
low Ca and P
dry cows need at least 48 TDN

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rice mill feed defatted

TDN 35
CP 7.7
low Ca and P

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rice bran feeding concerns

Ca:P ratio
dietary fat level
potential risk of acidosis and founder (27% starch)

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rice bran storage and handling

finely ground with a powdery texture
bin storage is difficult
rancidity is a concern in warm weather

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corn gluten

wet milling industry (corn syrup, corn starch, corn oil, ethanol)

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corn distillers grains

dry milling industry (ethanol)

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corn fractions

9,8% protein
70% starch
11% NDF

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wet milling (corn gluten feed)

starch is mainly used for production of corn starch, corn syrup, and sweetener
corn oil is also used
some starch may also be converted to dextrose and fermented to produce ethanol

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dry milling (distillers grains)

main source of ethanol production

grain is ground and fermented to convert starch to ethanol

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wet milling corn gluten feed

remains after extraction of the larger portion of the starch, gluten and germ; sold in both dry and wet forms

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wet milling corn gluten meal

remains after extraction of the larger portion of the starch and germ and the separation of the bran

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wet milling corn germ meal and corn steep liquor

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corn gluten feed feeding concerns

Ca:P ratio
sulfur levels (corn soaked in water and sulfur dioxide; book values range from 0.33 to 0.47% S
risk of acidosis and founder (rapid fiber digestion; 30% starch)
high DIP level

corn gluten feed storage and handling

dry product is pelleted and stores well

storage of wet product is limited to about 2 week in cold weather and 1 week or less in warm weather

would you expect aflatoxins to be a concern in corn gluten feed?

no. human consumption.

in dry milling ___ and ____ are predominant cereal grains used

corn and sorghum

distillers grains can be from

a signle cereal grain or a mixture of cereal grains

______ products are available

wet, patially dried, and dry products

Distillers grains

DGS

distillers grains with solubles

DDGS

dried distillers grains with solubles

distillers grains feeding concerns

nutrient content varies considerably Ca:P ratio sulfur levels (sulfuric acid is sued to clean equipment; book values range from 0,4 to 0.45%) aflatoxins are not destroyed during ethanol production and are concentrated about 3x risk of acidosis and founder (12-16% starch) low DIP level

distillers grains storage and handling

granular product: does not pellet well bin storage is not practical spoilage of wet (30-35% DM) or partially dried (40-45% DM) distillers is a concern in warm weather (can be ensiled)

oilseeds include

``` cottonseed soybeans sunflower seed peanuts canola (rapeseed) flaxseed (meal is referred to as linseed) ```

whole oilseeds used for

energy supp

after oil removal, remaining byproduct used for

protein supp

dietary lipid levels above _____ decrease fiber digestibility

can feed approximately ____ of supplemental lipid per day

1 lb

whole cottonseed fat

cows 5-6lbs/day

whole cottonseed gossypol:

young bulls 10% of diet | mature bulls 15-20% of diet

cottonseed meal

58% DIP | bulls 5% or less of diet

cottonseed hull

excellent roughage source | highly palatable; expensive (receiving rations)

fuZpellets

similar nutrient profile to whole cottonseed | plants in north carolina and georgia

whole raw soybeans

dont feed to open females of breeding age; phytoestrogens could cause cystic ovaries

soybean meal, 44% CP

meal and hulls

soybean meal, 49% CP

meal only

soybean hulls

risk of acidosis and founder; rapid digestion of NDF

whole sunflower seed

palatability problems with some cows should probably be mixed with another more palatable feedstuff

sunflower seed hulls

must be mixed with other feedstuff

roughage sources

``` cottonseed hulls old hay old/mature standing forage corn stalks sorghum stubble oat straw wheat straw silage avoid rice hulls ```

alternative supplements

may be very economic but also have potential to cause numerous digestive, metabolic, and repro problems if not used appropriately

problems and disadvantages of polutry litter

type of protein mineral levels and ratios public perception

type of protein of poultry litter

high NPN repro problems lower than expected perforance heat damaged protein

mneral levels

copper toxicity | milk fever?