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IHO > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the lymph node do T cells mature? B cells?

A
  • T cells in the cortex

- B cells in the follicles (undergo somatic hypermutation)

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2
Q

What zone lets T cells and B cells escape into lymph node?

A

HEV zones (high endothelial venules)

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3
Q

What enzyme assists with somatic hypermutation?

A

AID (activation induced deaminase)

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4
Q

What are the 2 OTC antihistamines that cause sedation and drying secretions?

A
  • Diphenhydramine

- Chlorpheniramine

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5
Q

What are the 3 OTC antihistamines that don’t cause drowsiness?

A
  • Cetirizine
  • fexofenadine
  • Loratadine
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6
Q

What are zileuton, zafirlukast, and montelukast?

A

leukotriene modifiers

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7
Q

What enzyme converts histidine to histamine? what type of cells have it?

A
  • L-histidine decarboxylase

- mast cells and basophils

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8
Q

Where are H3 and H4 receptors found?

A

-H3: histaminergic nerve terminals
-H4: eosinophils, DCs, T cells, neutrophils
No clinically useful agents yet available

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9
Q

What enzyme releases Arachidonic Acid from phospholipid cell membrane?

A

phospholipase A2

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10
Q

What is the pathway to causing a fever?

A

inflammation activates IL-1 which activates PGE2

  • goes to hypothalamus and causes fever
  • enhanced cytokine production: IL-1, IL-6, IFN, TNF
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11
Q

What is the mechanism of hypersensitivity like reaction to aspirin?

A

-blockage of COX shifts AA utilization to lipoxygenase pathway resulting in increased leukotriene production

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12
Q

What enzyme converts Leukotriene A4 to LTB4? to LTC4/D4/E4?

A
  • to LTB4 by LTA hydrolase

- to LTC4/D4/E4 by glutathione S-transferase

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13
Q

Which leukotriene is mostly made by PMNs? mast cells and basophils?

A
  • PMNs= LTB4

- mast cells and basophils= peptido-leukotrienes

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14
Q

What are leukotriene inhibitors/ modifiers used to treat?

A
  • bronchial asthma (chronic > acute)
  • Zileuton (inhibits 5-lipoxygenase to prevent LTB4)
  • Zafirlukast and Montelukast (antagonist to LTD4 receptor and Cys LTR1)
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15
Q

What are the 2 classes of steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)

- androgens

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16
Q

What can result from abrupt cessation of prolonged, high dose glucocorticoid therapy?

A

-adrenal insufficiency (can be fatal)

17
Q

What enzyme does Sirolimus inhibit?

A
  • FKBP; blocks progression from G1 to S phase
  • used in combination therapy for organ transplant rejection
  • blocks mTOR pathway
18
Q

What enzyme does Mycophenolate Mofetil block?

A
  • inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)
  • important enzyme in de novo pathway of guanine nucleotide synthesis (B and T cells are highly dependent on this pathway for cell proliferation)
19
Q

What is anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) used for?

A
  • binds to thymocytes in circulation resulting in lymphopenia and impaired T cell immune responses
  • toxicity: serum sickness and nephritis
20
Q

What is muromonab-CD3 used for?

A
  • prevent acute rejection of kidney, liver, and heart transplants
  • causes T cell receptor to be internalized to prevent further antigen recognition
21
Q

What type of drugs are Daclizumab and Basiliximab? Use?

A
  • anti- IL2 receptor (anti CD25) antibodies

- used in organ transplantation

22
Q

Where are palisading macrophages found?

A

rheumatoid nodules (around central fibrinoid necrosis)

23
Q

Patients with Sjogren syndrome are more likely to develop which malignancy?

A

-marginal zone lymphoma

24
Q

What is normal value of CD4? below what increases risk for opportunistic infections? below what number considered advanced HIV?

A
  • normally 500-1200
  • below 500 at risk for opportunistic infections
  • below 200 considered advanced HIV disease
25
Q

What 3 enzymes come with the HIV virus?

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • protease
  • integrase
26
Q

On HIV: gp120 interacts with what? gp41?

A
  • gp120 - CD4

- gp41 - either CCR5 or CXCR4

27
Q

Which HIV transcription factor promotes RNA splicing? which promotes unspliced RNA?

A
  • Tat promotes splicing

- Rev promotes unspliced RNA

28
Q

What autoantibodies are found with RA? CREST? Sjogren? MCTD? Scleroderma? Polymyositis?

A
  • RA: Cyclic citrullinated peptide
  • CREST: centromere Abs
  • Sjogren: SS-A/ SS-B/ La
  • MCTD: RNP Abs
  • Scleroderma: Scl 70
  • Polymyositis: Jo 1
29
Q

What inflammatory mediators cause redness and vasodilation?

A

-histamine, PGE2, PGI2, Kinins

30
Q

What inflammatory mediators cause swelling?

A

-histamine, peptido leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)

31
Q

What inflammatory mediators cause pain?

A

-PGE, PGI, LTB4, Kinins

32
Q

What inflammatory mediators are chemotactic?

A

-LTB4 (neutrophils, etc) and peptido leukotrienes (eosinophils)

33
Q

What inflammatory mediators cause airway constriction?

A

-histamine, peptido leukotrienes, kinins, PGD2

34
Q

Which inflammatory mediators cause hypotension?

A

-kinins, histamine

35
Q

What 2 mediators lead to increase in prostaglandin production? (and prostaglandins lead to pain)

A

Cytokines and Bradykinin

36
Q

What are the 2 classes of steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)

- androgens

IHO (7 decks)

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