Week 6 Flashcards
Reciprocal Determinism
The person, the person’s environment and the person’s behaviour all influence each other in a pattern of causal two way links
Environment
- Stimuli from social/physical environment
- Reinforcement contingencies
Behaviour
- Nature
- Frequency
- Intensity
Person
- Personality Characteristics
- Self confidence
- Expectations
Julian Rotter
- Expectancy and Value
-Locust of Control
Expectancy
Our perception of how likely it is that certain consequences will occur if we engage in a particular behaviour in a given situation
Reinforcement Value
How much we desire/ dread the outcome that we expect the behaviour to produce
Example of Expectancy/ Reinforcement
A student that strongly values academic success and believes that studying will achieve it is quite likely to study for an exam
Locus of Control
People’s personal beliefs about how much control they have over outcomes in their lives
Internal Locus of Control
-People who believe that life outcomes are largely under their own personal control and depend on their own behaviour
-More likely to participate in social change movements
- More likely to engage in health promoting behaviours i.e. wear a seatbelt or eat healthily
Martin Seligman
Research concerned with positive and depressive personality styles
Learned Helplessness Experiment
- Administered dogs with a shock and some could escape while others could not
- He changed the environment so all dogs could leave. Those who didn’t have an escape in the first trial responded less in the second
Learned Helplessness in Humans
- Uncontrollable bad event
- Perceived lack of control
- Generalised helpless Behaviour
Attributional Style
- Internal Vs External
- Stable vs Unstable
- Global vs Specific
Internal Vs External
Perceived sense of personal responsibility
Stable vs Unstable
Perception of how long it will last
Global Vs Specific
Perception of universality of the situation i.e. is this forever or just now
Depressive Personality Indicators
Internal
Stable
Global
Albert Bandura
- Self Efficacy
-Observational Learning
Observational Learning
Learning by watching someone else
Self Efficacy
A person’s beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to overcome obstacles and achieve desired outcomes
4 Determinants of Self Efficacy
-Performance Attainment
- Observational Learning
- Verbal Persuasion
- Emotional Arousal
Performance Attainment
- Have you done something similar in the past?
i.e. women who obtained self defence training had an increased belief that they could defend themselves
Observational Learning
- Have you seen someone else do it
i.e. after Bannister was the first one to run a sub 4 minute mile, 292 more achieved the feat within 2 years
Verbal Persuasion
-Do others tell you that you can do it?
i.e. support groups
Emotional Arousal
-Physiological Motivation
- Relaxation techniques lead to better exam performance
Michel’s five variables that might account for a person’s response in a particular situation
- Encoding Strategies
- Expectations and Beliefs
- Goals and Values
- Feelings
- Personal Competencies
Cognitive Affective Personality System
The dynamic interplay among the five factors, together with the characteristics of the situation, account for individual differences between people as well as differences in the same person across different situations
Encoding Strategies
How we respond emotionally and behaviorally to other people, events, situations etc.
- i.e. do we encode a job interview as an interrogation or an opportunity
Expectations and Beliefs
What we expect will happen if we behave in a particular way
Goals and Values
Causes us to persist in the face of barriers and determines both the outcomes and situations we seek and our reactions to them
Affects
Emotions colour our perception
i.e. people with high levels of neuroticism experience negative emotions intensely
Self Regulatory Processes/ Competencies
People extensively control or regulate their own behaviour
George Kelly
-Personal Constructs
- Believed people view the world as scientists, forming theories based on what they deserve and revising them if necessary
Personal Constructs
-Personal theories of how the world works
- Developed through experience
- Represents individual’s interpretations and explanations for events in their social world
Need for Cognition
-The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking about difficult questions or problems
- Relates to how a person makes decisions i.e. who they vote for
