WEEK 6 Flashcards
what are the 3 components of the skeletal system
1- bones
2- cartilage
3- ligament
what are the three types of cartilage and describe them
1- articular/ hyaline cartilage= supports with some flexibility
2- fibrocartilage= resists compression and absorbs pressure
3- elastic= firm but elastic support: allows for some stretch and recoil
what are the 6 functions of the skeletal system
1- protecting of underlying tissues
2- structural support for soft tissues and for attachment of muscles
3- assistance in movements, muscles contract and pull on bones
4- mineral homeostasis
5- storage of energy ( yellow bone marrow)
6- blood cell production ( red bone marrow)
what bones are in the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
what bones are in the appendicular bones
pectoral and pelvic girdles, limb bones
what are the 6 bones of the skull we need to know
- parietal bone
- temporal bone
- occipital bone
- frontal bone
- maxilla
- mandible
what are the two main types of surfaces on bones and describe them
depressions and openings= allow passageways for blood vessels and nerves ligaments and tendons
processes= projections or bone growth that form part of the joint or provide attachment joints for ligaments and tendons
what are the 7 depressions and openings
- orbit= protective socket for eye formed by multiple bones
- forament= foramina
- canal= tube
- fissure= narrow slit
- fossa= trench
- sulcus= groove
- meatus= passageway
what are the 6 processes that form attachment for connective tissue
- crest= ridge
-epicondyle= typically rough projection above the condyle
- spinous processes= sharp, slender projection
- trochanter= v large projection
- tubercle= rounded projection
- tuberosity= projectin with a rough, bumpy surface
list the 3 processes that form joints
- condyle= larger protuberance with a smooth articular surface
- facet= smooth, flat articular surface
- head= rounded, articular projection supported on a neck of bone
what are the 3 properties of bone
1- hardness and rigidity of bone provided by crystallised mineral salts
2- flexibility of bone from collagen fibres
3- collagen fibre ben out of the way under compression forces
describe flat bones
protect internal organs and is an attachment site for muscles
describe long bones
function as levers in the body
describe sesamoid bones
small bones formed in the tendon: protect tendons by helping overcome compression forces
describe organic bones
gives flexibility and great tensile strength to the bone which gives it ability to resist tearing, stretching
describe inorganic bones
gives hardness, rigidity, ability to resist compression forces and support tissue
what are the 6 components of long bones and describe them
1) diaphysis= bone shaft of compact bone
2) metaphysis= joint diaphysis and epiphysis; spongy bone below the layer of compact bone
3) epiphysis= ends of bone; spongy bone below layer of compact bone
4) red marrow= in spongy bone; blood cell production
5) yellow marrow= in medullary cavity; lipid storage
6) articular cartilage= protect bone ends
what is the periosteum
on the outside of the bone
what is the endosteum
in medullary cavity and covering spongy bone
what are the 4 types of bone cells and describe them
1- osteogenic cells= produce osteoblasts
2- osteoclasts= secrete acids and enzymes to break down and absorb bones
3- osteoblasts= build bone both organic and inorganic components
4- osteocytes= maintain matrix and mineral content
compact bone vs spongy bone ( arrangement of tissues, location and major properties)
arrangement of tissue:
compact bone= osteons
spongy bone= trabeculae
location:
compact bone= diaphysis and outside of epiphysis below periosteum.
spongy bone= in epiphysis
major properties:
compact bone= withstands compression, strong, supports weight
spongy bone= resist forces applied from different directions, lightweight
define joints
any place where adjacent bones or bone cartilage come together to form a connection
what are the two ways to classify joints
1- structurally= presence of absence of a space cavity between articulating bones and type of connective tissue
2- functionally= by the range of movement permitted at the joint, degree of movement
describe fibrous joints
- no joint cavity
- bones held together by dense, irregular connective tissue
describe cartilaginous joints
- no joint cavity
- bones connected by hyaline cartilage
describe synovial joints
- joint cavity between articulating bones
- contains synovial fluids
what are the 7 synovial joint components and describe them
- joint/ articular capsule= inner synovial membrane produces synovial fluid an outer fibrous layer
- articular/ hyaline cartilage= protects ends of bones during movement
- synovial fluid= reduces friction, supplies oxygen, removes wastes
- ligaments= tough, holds bones together
- joint cavity= spaces for bones to articulate
- mensicus= pads of fiborcartilage between bones
- bursae= sacs with synovial membrane and fluid
what is synarthrosis
an immoveable joint
define ampiarthrosis
a slightly moveable joint
what is diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
describe the 4 types of movement at synovial joints
1- gliding= sliding back and forth movements between nearly flat bone surfaces
2- angular movements= increases or decreases in angle of articulating bones
3- rotation= a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
4- specific movements= elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
what is flexion
decreasing the angle at a joint
what is extension
increases the angle at the joint to anatomical position
what is lateral
movement of the trunk to the left or right to the waist
what is hyperextension
contains extensions past the anatomical position
what is abduction
movements away from the midline of the axis of the body
what is adduction
movement away from the midline or axis of the body
what is circumduction
movement of the distal end of a body part in the circle
what is lateral rotation
away from the midline
what is medial rotation
towards the midline
