WEEK 3 Flashcards
what is the definition of catabolism and describe it
definiton= the breakdown of larger organic molecules into smaller ones
- they release energy to produce more than they use ( exergonic)
- used in the digestion of food
define anabolism and describe x2
definition= using simple molecules to make larger organic molecules
- consume energy and use more energy then they produce
- making proteins into amino acids
what is the definition of ATP
transfers energy released from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions
what is a catabolic reaction
give off heat when larger molecules are broken down
what is an anabolic reaction
uses ATP to make larger molecules
describe glycolysis (x4)
break down of glucose
- occurs in the cytosol
- does not require oxygen
- catabolic using two ATP which breaks down into 4 ATP.
- if oxygen is not available pyretic acid becomes lactic acid
describe Krebs cycle ( x2)
- requires oxygen
- two ATP molecules are produced
describe the electron transport chain (x3)
- requires oxygen
- on the inner mitochondrial membrane
- water and 26-28 ATP are produced
what is the cellular respiration equation
glucose + oxygen > water + carbon dioxide + ATP + heat
what is the definition of tissues
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a related function
what is the epithelial tissue and what are its functions
how is it classified
definition= covering, lining
functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion and secretion
classified= by shape and size
simple layers allow for simple diffusion
multiple layers are involved in protection
list the 7 different epithelial tissue
1- simple squamous epithelium
2- simple cuboidal epithelium
3- simple columnar epithelium
4- stratified squamous epithelium
5- stratified cuboidal epithelium
6- stratified columnar epithelium
7- pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
what are the two functions of connective tissue and how are they classified ( x3)
functions:
- supports and binds other tissues
- provides insulation and protection
classified:
- connective tissue proper
- fluid connective tissue
- supporting connective tissue
what is muscle tissue and what are the three types of muscle tissue
definition= specialised for contraction
- skeletal= attaches to the bone to help move the body
- smooth= contracts to move substances along internal pathways
- cardiac= contracts to pump blood for circulation
what is the nervous tissue and what are the two types
defintion= communication
types:
- neuron= nerve cells
- neuroglia= support cells
what happens to epithelial tissue as you age ( x2)
- gets thinner
- skin becomes drier due to less oil secretion from glands
what happens to nervous tissue as you age ( x1)
bran mass reduces therefore activity slows down
what happens to muscular tissue as you age (x2)
- trophy in muscle cells therefore less strength
- constipation may occur due to less smooth muscle contraction
describe the location and function of simple squamous cells
loaction= air sacs of lungs, lining of heart
function= allows materials to pass through via diffusion
describe the location and function of the simple cuboidal epithelium
location= in ducts and secretory proteins of small glands
function= secretes and absorbs
describe the location and function of the simple columnar epithelium
location= ciliated tissue in the bronchi
function= absorbs, secretes mucus
describe the function and location of the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
location= lines the trachea and the upper respiratory tract
function= secretes mucus
describe the function and location of the stratified squamous epithelium
location= lines the mouth
function= protect against abrasion
describe the function and location of the stratified cuboidal epithelium
location= sweat glands
function= protective tissue
what is the function and location of the stratified columnar epithelium tissue
location= the male urethra and duct of some glands
funtion= secretes and protects
what is the function and location of the transitional epithelium
location= lines the bladder
function= allows the urinary organs to expand
what is the definition of connective tissue proper
large amounts of background matrix, protein fibres
define connective tissue proper- dense
tissue has a lot of collagen fibres present
- this is what tendons and ligaments are compromised of
what is the definition of loose connective tissue
adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that provides insulin and stores lipids as energy sources
define supporting connective tissue
three types of hyaline cartilage in the body: hyaline cartilage, fibre cartilage, elastic cartilage
define fluid connective tissue
contains erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix
what are the 4 membranes of the body and what do they do
mucuous membranes= line the digestive tract, they are coated with secretions of mucus glands
serous membranes= line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
cutaneous membrane= covers the body surface
synovial membrane= line joint cavities
what is homeostasis
the boys ability to maintain a stable environment in face of variable external conditions through constant interactions of the body’s regulatory processes.
what is a controlled condition
variable that is monitored
what is a stimulus
any disruption to the controlled condition
what is a receptor
detects the change and notifies the control centre
what is the control centre
sets the range, receives info from the receptor, evaluates and processes info, sends output commands
what is the effector
receives commands from the control centre and produces the response
what is the response
effect that changes the controlled condition
describe negative feedback
- the response opposes the initial stimulus to reverse the change
- used in conditions that need frequent adjustments
describe positive feedback
the response strengthens or enhances to produce even greater change
- there are fewer examples of positive feedback loops
