week 1 Flashcards
definition of anatomy
this means cutting open. it is the scientific study of the body’s structures. ANATOMY IS THE STRUCTURE
definition of physiology
the study of how the body works: the function of body parts and how they work together to maintain life.
definition of histology
the study of biological cells and tissues
what is the anatomical position
- standing erect
- head level and eyes facing forward
- hands at the side
- palms forward
- legs parallel
- feet flat on the floor
what is supine
the body is horizontal position with the face and upper body oriented upwards
what is prone
the body is in horizontal position with the face and upper body oriented downwards.
- prone position increases oxygenation in patients with respiratory distress.
what are the 8 levels of organisation within the body.
1- atoms in combination
2- complex protein molecules
3- protein filaments
4- cellular level
5- level
6- organ level
7- organ system level
8- organism level
what does the chemical and molecular level consist of ( x2)
1 - atoms = the smallest units of chemical matter
2- molecules= a group of atoms working together
what does the cellular level consist of ( x3)
- cells are a group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- basic unit of life
- the number of cells will vary with health and disease.
what does the tissue level consist of ( x2) and what are the four types of primary tissues.
- a group of similar cells working together
- structure is related to the function
four tissues:
1- epithelial tissue
2- connective tissue
3- muscle tissue
4- neural tissue
what does the organ level consist of (x3)
- a group of organs working together
- humans have 11 organs
- functions= control/ direct, cool and warm, digest, protect and remove
what does the organism level consist of ( x2)
- a human is an organism
- all the systems work cooperatively to keep the organism alive.
what are the 4 macromolecules and what are their 4 functions
1- proteins
2- carbohydrates
3- lipids/ fats
4- nucleic acids
functions:
- structure/ form work
- storage
- messengers
- control
what is the sagittal plane
divides the body vertically into right and left sides
what is the frontal plane
divides the body or an organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion
what is the transverseplane
divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions
what does anterior/ ventral mean
describes the front direction toward the front of the body
what does poster/ dorsal mean
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body
what does superior/ cranial mean
- describes a position above or higher than another part of the body
what does inferior/ caudal mean
describes a position lower than another part of the body
what is lateral
describes the side direction toward the side of the body
what is medial
describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
what is proximal
describes a positon in the limb that is closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
what is distal
describes a positon in the limb that is closer to the point of attachment
what is superficial
describes a position closer to the surface of the body
what is deep
describes a position farther away from the surface of the body
what are body cavities and what are their functions ( x3)
def= spaces that enclose our body parts
functions:
- protect
- seperate and support our internal organs from shocks
- adapt to different size and shape when moving
what is the definition of cells
cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body
what are the two general cells
1- germ cells= either the spermatozoa ( sperm) of males of the oocytes (eggs) of females
2- somatic cells= all body cells except germ cells
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- what is the cytoplasm
cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES-flagella
Whiplike, cellular extensions of the plasma membrane. Flagella are longer than Sicilia
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- centrosome and what is its function
Centrosomes are a cytoplasm that surrounds the centriole.
Function= generates micro tubules and organises motor if spindle cell division
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- mitochondrion
The ‘power houses’ of cells, generating most of its atp
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLE- cytoskeleton and what are its three cellular movement types
Network of proteins that supports the cell structure and provide the machinery for the cellular movement types
Types= micro filaments- thin filaments eg the actin.
Intermediate filaments- eg keratin fibres
Microtubules- determine the overall shape of the cell
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLE- peroxisomes
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes that breakdown and recycle damage or abnormal intrazellularem proteins
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- golgi complex
The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks and flattened membranous sacs
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES- Cilia
Whiplike, motile cellular extensions of the plasma membrane
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLE- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Consists of tubules arranged in a looping network that is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLE- rough endoplasmic reticulum
Extensive membrane network of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs with ribosomes
MAJOR CELL ORGANELLE- nucleus
Control cenrte of the cell.
Contains the instructions needed to build all the Boyd’s proteins
What is the plasma membrane and what is its seven structures
Maintains the composition of the icf and ecf
- phospholipids
-hydrophilic phosphate heads - hydrophobic lipid tails
- proteins
- channels, gates and pumps
- carrier proteins
- anchoring proteins
What is simple diffusion
The movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid villager of an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is facilitated diffusion
The movement of an ion or molecule from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration via a channel
What is active transport
The movement of an ion or molecule from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration via a channel
What is osmosis
The movement of water molecules to an area of high solute concentration where the concentration of water is lower
What is exocytosis
The release of fluids from the cell via intrazellularem fluids
What is endozytosis
The packaging of extra cellular fluids into a vesicle for transport into the cell
