WEEK 10 Flashcards
what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system and what body parts are involved
1) upper respiratory tract
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx
2) lower respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
what are the 2 functional divisions and describe them
1) conducting zone:
all structure of the respiratory tract from the nose down
- only passage of air without gas exchange
2) respiratory zone:
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
- where gas exchange occurs
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the nasal cavity- describe what it does
- houses three turbinate bones ( nasal conchae and nasal meatuses)
- conchae increases surface area and cleaning the air to protect the lungs
- paranasal are hollow which warm, humidify and filter the air
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the pharynx - describe its three parts
- nasopharynx= lined with epithelium and helps with warming, humidifying and filtering the air
- oropharynx= lying posterior to the oral cavity, the oropharynx is the common pathway for food
- laryngopharynx= common pathway for food and air
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the larynx- describe its role
- supported by cartilage, muscles and ligaments
- the epiglottis is a leaf like elastic cartilage which covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the respiratory tree- describe its role
- bronchioles start in respiratory zone and branches two or more alveoli ducts that lead into the alveoli
- alveoli contain simple cuboidal which secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent the collapse of the alveoli when breathing out
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the lungs- describe their role
- air filled alveoli and supporting elastic tissue, the lungs are soft and spongy, capable of both inflation and deflation
define respiration
provides every cell with oxygen and carbon dioxide for ATP production
what are the five seperate processes for respiration and describe them
1) pulmonary ventilation= movement of air in and out of the lungs
2) external respiration= gas exchange between all solar air and blood
3) gas transport= transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
4) internal respiration= gas exchange between blood and tissues
5) cellular respiration= the process of oxidising food molecules to ATP
define ventilation
the continuous movement of fresh air of oxygen in and stale air high in carbon dioxide out of the lungs in two steps- inhalation and exhalation
describe Boyles law
pulmonary ventilation necessitates volume changes in the lungs to create a pressure gradient
what are the two inspiratory muscles and describe what they do
1) diaphragm
most important inspiratory muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- increases thoracic volume and decreases pressure
2) external intercostal muscles
def= contraction by lifting ribs up and out
- FORCED inspiration
what are the two main expiratory muscles and what is their role
1) internal intercostal muscles
depress ribs which decreases thoracic volume and increase pressure
2) abdominal muscles= compress abdomen, pushing diaphragm upwards which decreases thoracic volume and increases pressure
what are the 7 steps of inspiration
1) beginning of inspiration- no pressure difference and inter pleural pressure is sub atmospheric
2) inspiratory muscles contract
3) intrathoracic and intraplerual pressure decreases
4) lungs expand and alveolar volume increases
5) alveolar pressure decreases
6) air moves into the lungs due to the pressure gradient
7) at the end of inspiration- intra alveolar pressure becomes the same at atmospheric pressure
what are the 6 steps in expiration
1) beginning of expiration= intra-alveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure
2) inspiratory muscles relax where intrathoracic volume decreases
3) intra pleural pressure increases
4) lungs recoil and alveolar pressure decreases
5) alveolar pressure increases and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure
6) air moves out of the lungs
describe henrys law
the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and partial pressure in the air
