WEEK 6 Flashcards
NUTRITIONAL FACTS OR FICTION
Causes of obesity is studied using which two models?
-Conventional model
- Carbohydrate-Insulin model
Model looking at calorie intake or over eating as cause of obesity, and encourages eating less and moving more
conventional model
Model claiming that overeating does not drive body fat increase, but the process of storing excess fat drives body fat increase
Carbohydrate insulin model
A model which accurately explains causes of weight gain, obesity, and diabetes
Carbohydrate insulin model
What’s the mechanism of carbohydrate-insulin model to weight gain & diabetes
Taking a diet high in digestible carbohydrates increases an insulin-to-glucagon ratio, thus favoring energy storage in adipose tissue. So more of wt u eat (calories) will be stored, leaving fewer calories available for metabolically active tissues.
What results from the mechanism of carbohydrate-insulin model?
-Increased weight gain through Increased hunger due to excess calorie storage by your body. And decreased metabolism.
What’s the treatment strategy for obesity?
Lowering insulin secretion through dietary changes may
enhance long-term weight management and chronic disease prevention.
(Take meals tht will not result to major increase in insulin-glucagon ratio)
hyperinsulinemia
higher levels of insulin in the blood (due to highly digestible carbohydrate meals)
Carbohydrate-insulin model
Considers overeating a
consequence of increasing adiposity; and not a cause of obesity
T/F: Of all the junk foods, sugar-sweetened beverages are likely
the most obesogenic
True
Fats such as those found in avocados, nuts, and olive oil, that can be beneficial for heart health, brain function, and overall well-being.
unsaturated fats
Fats that should be limited, as they can contribute to heart disease or stroke (e.g. butter, cheese, fried foods, and
red meat).
Saturated fats and trans fat
Divided into natural occurring fats: which occur in some animal products
and are not considered harmful in moderation. And into artificial occurring fats: which are hydrogenated
vegetable oils and increase risk of heart disease, inflammation, and certain cancers
Trans fat
T/F: Sunflower oil and certain other vegetable oils should best be avoided
True (they contain large amounts of omega-6 fatty acids:- which increases low-grade inflammation in your
body.
and:- contribute to oxidative stress in some
people, potentially contributing to heart disease
T/F: Choose
vegetable oils that are relatively low in omega-6 fatty acids. (These
include olive oil, canola oil, and high-oleic safflower oil)
True
-This allows you to optimize your omega-6 to omega-3 ratio.
T/F: Cholesterol is the enemy
False
What influences blood cholesterol level?
- It is the mix of fats and
carbohydrates in your diet—not the amount of cholesterol you eat from food.
Why high cholesterol is not favorable?
It causes atherosclerosis and is a determinant for heart disease risk (but this depends on the protein carrying cholesterol around your body)
Two proteins carrying cholesterol around in your body?
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
NB: Cholesterol has little to no effect on these protein levels
T/F: LDL is associated with an increased risk of heart disease when levels are high, HDL is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease when levels are high
True
LDL carries high amounts of cholesterol, and low proteins in comparison to HDL. It is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because high levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
True
All protein diets are the fastest way to build
muscle
False
What’s the appropriate diet to build muscles fast?
carbohydrates and
healthy fats are crucial for overall health, and effective muscle
development.
T/F: Organic food (produced through farming practises) are more nutritious than non-organic foods.
False
T/F: Raw veggies are more nutritious than cooked
ones
False
-Cooking vegetables increases availability of nutrients
TO DO: incorporate a combination of raw and cooked vegetables into
your weekly menu.
T/F: Fresh produce is healthier than frozen
False
-Some fruits n vegetables see an increase in sugar content, and nutrient
content deteriorates as they ripen.
Thus; fruits and vegetables are frozen quickly after
harvest, which prevents over-ripening and actively preserves nutrients
A gluten-free diet is healthier
False
Eggs are one of the healthiest foods you can eat
True
They raise HDL (the “good”) cholesterol and modify LDL (the “bad”) cholesterol into a larger subtype that is less associated with heart disease risk
Eggs
How can you reduce insulin resistance and improve lipid profiles through diet?
Eat 3 eggs per day
Is a source of high-quality proteins, and like provides all the essential amino acids needed by the body
egg
Contain B-vitamin-like substance, crucial for brain development during
pregnancy; and contains antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which benefit eye health
Egg
nutrient-dense choice1, due to balance of nutrients (Low calories- 77; 6 grams of proteins; 5 grams of fats; and trace amounts of carbohydrates
egg
T/F: Frequent mini-meals are better than three main meals
False
T/F: Fruit juice is healthier than sugary soft drinks
False
our body
either cannot make them or cannot
make enough of them
Essential nutrients
Possible outcome from essential micronutrient deficiencies
Vitamin deficiency syndromes
May increase requirements for certain vitamins
pregnancy and alchohol
Clinical situations in which micro deficiency syndrome may occur
- Poor intake
- Malabsorption
- Abnormal losses
- Arbnormal metabolism
A concept looking at how your genetic factors impact metabolism of vitamins in your body
Genetic polymorphism
High levels of this vitamin is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
associated with osteoporosis
Hyperhomocysteinaemia
A deficiency of this vitamin exposes an individual to megaloblastic anemia
*which is the presence of large & immature red blood cells in the bone marrow.
folic acid
Supplementation with this vitamin prevents development of neural tube defect
folic acid
treat and prevents diarrhoeas
Zinc
The most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide is____
iron deficiency
A syndrome that results due to protein-energy malnutrition
Kwashiokor
A disoder resulting from 60-80% of expected body weight, with oedema
kwashiokor
Kwashiokor symptoms
-muscle wasting masked by swollen bellies
Associated with hypokalaemia (low levels of potassium in the blood stream) & hyponatraemia (low sodium in the blood stream)
these 2 are electrolyte imbalance occurring when both sodium and potassium are low in the blood
kwashiokor
<60% of expected body weight, without oedema
marasmus
What characterises marasmus?
- severe emiciation (thinness)
- Marked reduction on fat reserves
A syndrome that results due to a lack of all foods, (like all nutrients, everything)
*starvation
marasmus
A state of severe debilitation (crc weakening and loss of energy) associated with profound weight loss
cachexia
*term is used on terminally ill cancer patients
Cachexia is caused by_____
internal malignancy:
- carcinoma in the GIT
-Carcinoma in the lung
- Carcinoma in the pancrease
obesity
120% of normal expected body weight, or a body mass index of > 30kg/m2
The most important vitamin deficiencies_____
- Vit. B1 (thiamine) – Beriberi.
- Vit. B12 & Folate – Megaloblastic
anaemia. - Vit. C: Scurvy.
- Vit. D: Rickets, osteomalacia (inadequate mineralization of bone).
- Vit. K: Bleeding diathesis (increased lvl to bleed or bruise-coz u hv low levels of clotting proteins in your blood)
Chiefly affects the nerves,
heart and brain
Thiamine deficiency
Distinct syndromes resulting from thiamine (B1) deficiency
- A polyneuropathy (dry beriberi).
– A cardiovascular syndrome (wet beriberi).
– Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics).
