Week 6 Flashcards
where is dna is eukaryotic cell
nucleus; mitochondria; chloroplasts
nucleus has
,mostly chromosomal dna; introns/exons; mostly linear
introns
dont help in coding (no amino acid is created)
exons
have coding (tell cells to make specific amino acid to create specific proteins)
mitochondria
mtdna; smaller than nuclear dna; less/no introns but has exons
chloroplast
chdna; circular; smaller than nuclear dna; less/no introns but has exons
where is dna is prokaryotic cells
nuclear dns in cytoplasm free flowing
- no mitochondria/no chloroplast
- extrachromosomal plasmid dnd (very small)
do oujr cells make rna: after then what
yes; then protein
the nucleus in _ cells contains nuclear dna
euk cells
nucleus is _ center of cell
control center
- contain dna (stores all info needed to buikd cell/direct the chem rxn required for life)
chromosomes
dna more condensed
chromatin
dna less coliled
the __ helps genetic infor flow from dna - rna - protein
central dogma
inital stages of geen expression?
transcription/translation
transcription
info in dna of gene is copied into rna
- in euk cells = nucleus
- PRODUCES MRNA W/ NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE COMPLEMENTARY TO ONE OF THE DNA STRANDS
translation
mrna nucleotide sequence is decoed/info is converted to the sequence of amino acids in proteins
- in euk cells = cytoplasm (at ribosomes)
- PRODUCES PROTEIN W/ AMINO SEQUENCE DETERMIEND BY NUCLEOTIDE SEUENCE OF MRNA
dna is a what helix
double helix
- reduces length of dna so it can be arranged in nucleus
hsitones are
postive
- help dna coil
phosphates are
negative
- give dna neg charge (-ve)
humans have _ paris of chromosomes
23 pairs
nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides
- formed by dehydration synthesis
– dna replication
dna replication
meeds large complex protein enzyme
- instructiosna re coded in dna itself
nucleotide parts
5-carb sugar, 1/more phosphate groups, nitrogenous base w/ single/double ring
single rings (pyrimidines)
thymine, uracil, cytosine (TUC)
double rings (purils)
adenine, guanine (AG)
a deoxy-ribose nucleotide has __
deoxyribose, monophosphate, and nitrogenous base
- fomred by dehydration synthesis
in deh synthesis
oxygen in phosphate group of 1 nucleotide is covalently bonded to the sugar of another
- water is product
- creates neds biomolecules
nucleotides may function as
- energy-carrier molecules
- intracellular messenger molecules
- subunits of nucleic acids
atp is formed whwere
in mito/chloro
-energy0carrier molecule
- stores energy in bonds among its phosphate groups (energy is released when 1 of those bonds are broken)
ribise has how many oxygens?
all of them
deoxyribose is missing what?
an oxygen
the breakdown of atp hap;pens during
hydrolysis
- water is reactant
in deh synthesis
- -O- + HO –> -O- + H2O (form)
- OH + H (reactants)
- water is product
in hyhdrolysis
- -O- + H2O –> -OH + HO (form)
- O + H2O (reactants)
- water is reactant
dna double helices are linked by
hydrogen bonds
ladder in spiral shape
a carbo backbine will bond w/ wjhat
neighboring nucleotide (the suagr phosphate)
- produces suagr phisphate backbone of alternating, covelently bonded sugaars and phosphates
A and G bonds w/ what in dna
T and C
A bond sw/ what in rna
U
P5’ — 3’OH matches w/
3’OH — P5’
watson crick model
untwisted version of dna
- a single sgtrand of dna is a polymer consiting of many nucleotide subunits
dna strand are antiparrale b/c
so they wont collide
- 1 stramd starts w/ free sugar and ends w/ free phosphate
- next strand starts w/ free phosphate and ends w/ free sugar
genome
complete sequence of dna in anorganism that contains millions/billikons of nucleotides
gyrase
Keeps dna in supercoiled form
helicase
unwinds dna
dna polymerase
parental strand
- can be error prone in bacteria
rna is
single strand of ribose nucelotides
- has ribose
- usually single-stranded
- contains URASIl not thy,mine
3 types of rna
mRNA; tRNA; rRNA
mrna
carries code for protein-coding gene from dna to ribosomes
trna
carries amino acids to ribosomes
rrna
combine w/ proteins to form ribosomes
ribosomes
link amino acids to form a protein
concoding rna
regulates transcription/translation by binding to dna or mrna
trna has an attached what
amino acid
ex: tyr
ribosomal large subunit
catalytic site
ribosomal small subunit
mrna, trna/amino acid (protein) binding sites
caarbohydrates aid in what
megtabolism
example of monosaccharide (a carbohydraate)
glucose, fructose, galactose
example of disaccharide (still a carbohydrate)
sucrose
lipids can be
saturated/unsaturated
- aids in metablosim
ex of proteins
keratin, myosin, antibodies, glucagon, insulin
- aids in metabolism
proteins are
made up of amino acids that will have extra/more NH3 (amino groups) w/ positive charge (+ve)
mehyl CH3 is…
functional group that’s non-polar
- too much can change neg chnarge on dna (overuse of drugs/alcool)
nonpolar
sharing equally
polar
unequal sharing
ionic
transferred b/w atoms
hydrogen bonds
b/w polar molecules where hydrogen is bonded to oxygen/nitrogen
rna polymerase
needed for rna, mrna, trna, rrna
dna polymerase
dna rna
