Week 3 Flashcards
organic molecules are
carbon/oxygen/hydrogen
biological molecules
all molecules produced by living thins
carbon
forms all the backbones for biological molecules
inorganic
molecules tha lack carbon atoms
inorganic compound
any substance in which 2/more chemical elements are combined
if there is no hydrogen , a substance is
inorganic
highly electroneg atoms
oxygen/nitrogen/chlorine/fluorine pull atoms toward them
low/medium electroneg atoms
hydrogen/sodium/calcium/sulfur/phosphorus tend to give electrons away
__ are the nmost found elements in biological molecules
carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen
a __ atom can form up to 4 bonds (single, double, triple)
carbon
a _ can form 1 bond
hydrogen
a _ can form 3 bonds
nitrogen
fucntional groups that attatch to the carb backbone of organic molecules are
generally less stable than carbon backbone and more likey to react w/ other molecules
hydroxyl (oh-) is/found in ..
polar; involved in dehydration/hydrolysis; forms hydrogen bonds; found in sugars, amimo acids, nucleic acids, steroids, polysaccharides
carbonyl is/found in
polar; makes parts of moleucles hydrophillic (water soluble); found in sugars, steroid hormones; peptides/proteins
carboxyl is/found in
polar/acidic/hydrophillic; the neg charged oxygen may bond w/ H+ to form carboxylic acid; involved in peptide bonds; found in amino acids/fatty acids/carboxylic acids
amino are/found in
polar/basic; involved in peptide bonds; found in amino acids
sulfhydryl
non polar/acidic; forms disulfide bonds in proteins; found in cystine (an amino acid)
phosphates are/found in
polar/acidic; links nucleotides in nucleic acids; forms high-energy bonds in atp; found in phospholipids/nucleotides/nucleic acids
methyl
nonpolar; may be attached to nucleotides in dna (methylation) changing gene expression (ex: smoking/drinking); found in steroids, methylated nucleotides in dna
monomers
individual subunits
polymers
chains of monomers
how are biological polymers formed?
by the removal of water and broken down by the addition of water (dehydration synthesis)
dehydration synthesis
what subunits of biological molecules are joined by
H and OH combine to make water (needs an enzyme to do so)
hydrolysis
reverse rxn that breaks down a large biological molecule into its subunits
(a water moleucle has to get in in order to split the polymer into monomeric units)
biological molecules fall into 4 categories
carbohydrates; proteins; nucleotides/nucleic acids; lipids
(hydrolysis will break all of these down)
carbohydrates
molecuesl composed of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1C:2H:1O
monosaccharides
subunits of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
simple (1) sugar
ex: glucose/fructose/galactose (GFG) (shorterm energy in plants)
disaccharide
polymers of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
(2 of them ex: glucose+fructose=sucrose)
ex: sucrose
(used for short term energy storage in plants that can be hydrolyzed and converted into glucose when energy is needed)
polysaccharides
polymers (chains) of monosaccharides (most dont dissolve readily in water)
ex: starch, glycogen
(longterm energy stirage in plants/animals)
ex: cellulose, chitin
(structual support in plants/arthropods
proteins
molecules w/ one or more chains of amino acids (links these simple subunits)
(have up to 4 levels)
peptides
short chains of amino acids
ex: insulin/ oxytocin
(hormones involved in blood sugar regulation and reproduction)
polypeptides
long chains of amino acids
ex: hemoglobin (hydrophillic)
(oxygen transport)
ex: keratin
(structural component of hair)
nucleic acids
molecules composed of nucleotides (each having a simple sugar, n-containing base, and phosphate group)
dna
polymer of nucleotides
(simple sugar is deoxyibose)
(dna is code for genetic info)
nuclotides
subunits of nucleic acids
rna
polymers of nucleotides
(simple sugar is ribose)
(messganer rna/transfer rna/ribosomal rna)
(work togethert to form proteins from amino acids based on nucleotide sequences in dna
lipids
diverse group molecules contain nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions that make them insoluble in water
!NOT MONOMERS!
lipids fall into 3 major groups
- oils, fats, waxes
- phospholipids
- steroids
fats, oils, waxes..
contain 1/more fatty acid chains (long chains of C and H w/ a carboxylic acid functional group at one end)
- hydrophobic chains of carbon atoms terminate in a carboxylic acid functional group
(ex: animal fats/vegetable oil)
(long term energy storage in animals/plants)
phospholipids
have 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic) and 2 hydrophillic functional groups ; one of them is a phosphate
ex: lecithin
(structural component of cell membranes)
steroids
contain 4 rings of carbon atoms (that share 1/more sides) w/ diff functional groups attatched (dont easily dissolve in water = hydrophobic)
ex: cholesterol (used to synthesize other steroids like estrogen/testosterone)
(component of cell membranes)
ex: testostorone/estrogen
(male/female sex hormones)
why does glucose dissolve in water?
due to its hydroxyl groups (via hydrogen bonding w/ water)
glycogen
energy storage molecule in humans/animals
+ a chain of glucose subunits
glucogon
signaling peptide molecule that orevent our body frok getting low bloo sugar levels
cellulase
breaksn down cellulose
(humans cant make cellulase)
enzymes
promote specific chemical rxn
amylase
found in saliva/small intestine and digests carbohydrates
insulin
promotes glucose uptake into cells
(glucagon signalsto break down glycogen)
lactase
breaks down lactose
proteins are formed from chains of amino acids by …
dehydration rxn
each amino acids has a central __ bonded to a hydrogen and _ functional groups
carbon; 3 functional groups:
- amino group: NH2
- carboxylic group: COOH
- one of 20 different “R” groups
__ is a sulfu-containing functional group
cysteine (cys)
_ and _ are hydrophillic functional groups
glutamic acid (glu) and aspartic acid (asp)
_ and _ are hydrophobic functional groups + are less likely to dissolve
phenylalanine (phe) and leucine (leu)
protein synthesis occurs by a _ rxn
dehydration synthesis
a _ bond joins 2 amino acids
a polar bond
(amino group+amino group=peptide bond)
primary structure
sequenc of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
secondary structure (helix)
maintained by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure
folding of helix results from H+ bonds w/ surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cystein amino acids
quaternary structure
individual polypeptide are linked by H+ bonds or disulfide bridges
protein function is determined by …
structure
denatured protein
normal 3-dimensional structure destroyed and function is lost
fats and oils are also formed when _ links 3 fatty acid chains to one molecule of glycerol?
What is this structure also called?
dehydration synthesis; also called triglycerides (tri=3)
fats are _ at solid temp/ oils are _ at room temp
solid; liquid
the carbons of fatty acid subunits are linked by _ in fats?
They are also described as _ and contain as many _ atoms as possible?
single bonds; saturated; H+
oils have carbons that are linked by _ bonds?
they are described as _?
they have fewer then the maximum _ atoms as possible?
double bonds; unsatured; H+
waxes are chemicall similar to ../most animals lack the _ to _ them/they are also water_
fats; enzymes; digest; repellent
phospholipids have _ head and _ tails/all cells are surrounded by _ membrane that contains several types of phospholipids/they resemble _ but _ in 3 of the fatty acids is replaced by a _ group
hydrophillic; hydrophobic; plasma; oils; 1; phosphate
