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Bio 1001 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

organic molecules are

A

carbon/oxygen/hydrogen

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2
Q

biological molecules

A

all molecules produced by living thins

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3
Q

carbon

A

forms all the backbones for biological molecules

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4
Q

inorganic

A

molecules tha lack carbon atoms

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5
Q

inorganic compound

A

any substance in which 2/more chemical elements are combined

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6
Q

if there is no hydrogen , a substance is

A

inorganic

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7
Q

highly electroneg atoms

A

oxygen/nitrogen/chlorine/fluorine pull atoms toward them

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8
Q

low/medium electroneg atoms

A

hydrogen/sodium/calcium/sulfur/phosphorus tend to give electrons away

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9
Q

__ are the nmost found elements in biological molecules

A

carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen

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10
Q

a __ atom can form up to 4 bonds (single, double, triple)

A

carbon

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11
Q

a _ can form 1 bond

A

hydrogen

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12
Q

a _ can form 3 bonds

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

fucntional groups that attatch to the carb backbone of organic molecules are

A

generally less stable than carbon backbone and more likey to react w/ other molecules

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14
Q

hydroxyl (oh-) is/found in ..

A

polar; involved in dehydration/hydrolysis; forms hydrogen bonds; found in sugars, amimo acids, nucleic acids, steroids, polysaccharides

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15
Q

carbonyl is/found in

A

polar; makes parts of moleucles hydrophillic (water soluble); found in sugars, steroid hormones; peptides/proteins

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16
Q

carboxyl is/found in

A

polar/acidic/hydrophillic; the neg charged oxygen may bond w/ H+ to form carboxylic acid; involved in peptide bonds; found in amino acids/fatty acids/carboxylic acids

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17
Q

amino are/found in

A

polar/basic; involved in peptide bonds; found in amino acids

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18
Q

sulfhydryl

A

non polar/acidic; forms disulfide bonds in proteins; found in cystine (an amino acid)

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19
Q

phosphates are/found in

A

polar/acidic; links nucleotides in nucleic acids; forms high-energy bonds in atp; found in phospholipids/nucleotides/nucleic acids

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20
Q

methyl

A

nonpolar; may be attached to nucleotides in dna (methylation) changing gene expression (ex: smoking/drinking); found in steroids, methylated nucleotides in dna

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21
Q

monomers

A

individual subunits

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22
Q

polymers

A

chains of monomers

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23
Q

how are biological polymers formed?

A

by the removal of water and broken down by the addition of water (dehydration synthesis)

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24
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

what subunits of biological molecules are joined by

H and OH combine to make water (needs an enzyme to do so)

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25
Q

hydrolysis

A

reverse rxn that breaks down a large biological molecule into its subunits

(a water moleucle has to get in in order to split the polymer into monomeric units)

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26
Q

biological molecules fall into 4 categories

A

carbohydrates; proteins; nucleotides/nucleic acids; lipids
(hydrolysis will break all of these down)

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27
Q

carbohydrates

A

molecuesl composed of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1C:2H:1O

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28
Q

monosaccharides

A

subunits of carbohydrates

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29
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple (1) sugar
ex: glucose/fructose/galactose (GFG) (shorterm energy in plants)

30
Q

disaccharide

A

polymers of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
(2 of them ex: glucose+fructose=sucrose)
ex: sucrose
(used for short term energy storage in plants that can be hydrolyzed and converted into glucose when energy is needed)

31
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers (chains) of monosaccharides (most dont dissolve readily in water)
ex: starch, glycogen
(longterm energy stirage in plants/animals)
ex: cellulose, chitin
(structual support in plants/arthropods

32
Q

proteins

A

molecules w/ one or more chains of amino acids (links these simple subunits)
(have up to 4 levels)

33
Q

peptides

A

short chains of amino acids
ex: insulin/ oxytocin
(hormones involved in blood sugar regulation and reproduction)

34
Q

polypeptides

A

long chains of amino acids
ex: hemoglobin (hydrophillic)
(oxygen transport)
ex: keratin
(structural component of hair)

35
Q

nucleic acids

A

molecules composed of nucleotides (each having a simple sugar, n-containing base, and phosphate group)

36
Q

dna

A

polymer of nucleotides
(simple sugar is deoxyibose)
(dna is code for genetic info)

37
Q

nuclotides

A

subunits of nucleic acids

38
Q

rna

A

polymers of nucleotides
(simple sugar is ribose)
(messganer rna/transfer rna/ribosomal rna)
(work togethert to form proteins from amino acids based on nucleotide sequences in dna

39
Q

lipids

A

diverse group molecules contain nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions that make them insoluble in water
!NOT MONOMERS!

40
Q

lipids fall into 3 major groups

A
  • oils, fats, waxes
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
41
Q

fats, oils, waxes..

A

contain 1/more fatty acid chains (long chains of C and H w/ a carboxylic acid functional group at one end)
- hydrophobic chains of carbon atoms terminate in a carboxylic acid functional group
(ex: animal fats/vegetable oil)
(long term energy storage in animals/plants)

42
Q

phospholipids

A

have 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic) and 2 hydrophillic functional groups ; one of them is a phosphate
ex: lecithin
(structural component of cell membranes)

43
Q

steroids

A

contain 4 rings of carbon atoms (that share 1/more sides) w/ diff functional groups attatched (dont easily dissolve in water = hydrophobic)
ex: cholesterol (used to synthesize other steroids like estrogen/testosterone)
(component of cell membranes)
ex: testostorone/estrogen
(male/female sex hormones)

44
Q

why does glucose dissolve in water?

A

due to its hydroxyl groups (via hydrogen bonding w/ water)

45
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage molecule in humans/animals
+ a chain of glucose subunits

46
Q

glucogon

A

signaling peptide molecule that orevent our body frok getting low bloo sugar levels

47
Q

cellulase

A

breaksn down cellulose
(humans cant make cellulase)

48
Q

enzymes

A

promote specific chemical rxn

49
Q

amylase

A

found in saliva/small intestine and digests carbohydrates

50
Q

insulin

A

promotes glucose uptake into cells
(glucagon signalsto break down glycogen)

51
Q

lactase

A

breaks down lactose

52
Q

proteins are formed from chains of amino acids by …

A

dehydration rxn

53
Q

each amino acids has a central __ bonded to a hydrogen and _ functional groups

A

carbon; 3 functional groups:
- amino group: NH2
- carboxylic group: COOH
- one of 20 different “R” groups

54
Q

__ is a sulfu-containing functional group

A

cysteine (cys)

55
Q

_ and _ are hydrophillic functional groups

A

glutamic acid (glu) and aspartic acid (asp)

56
Q

_ and _ are hydrophobic functional groups + are less likely to dissolve

A

phenylalanine (phe) and leucine (leu)

57
Q

protein synthesis occurs by a _ rxn

A

dehydration synthesis

58
Q

a _ bond joins 2 amino acids

A

a polar bond
(amino group+amino group=peptide bond)

59
Q

primary structure

A

sequenc of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

60
Q

secondary structure (helix)

A

maintained by hydrogen bonds

61
Q

tertiary structure

A

folding of helix results from H+ bonds w/ surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cystein amino acids

62
Q

quaternary structure

A

individual polypeptide are linked by H+ bonds or disulfide bridges

63
Q

protein function is determined by …

A

structure

64
Q

denatured protein

A

normal 3-dimensional structure destroyed and function is lost

65
Q

fats and oils are also formed when _ links 3 fatty acid chains to one molecule of glycerol?

What is this structure also called?

A

dehydration synthesis; also called triglycerides (tri=3)

66
Q

fats are _ at solid temp/ oils are _ at room temp

A

solid; liquid

67
Q

the carbons of fatty acid subunits are linked by _ in fats?
They are also described as _ and contain as many _ atoms as possible?

A

single bonds; saturated; H+

68
Q

oils have carbons that are linked by _ bonds?
they are described as _?
they have fewer then the maximum _ atoms as possible?

A

double bonds; unsatured; H+

69
Q

waxes are chemicall similar to ../most animals lack the _ to _ them/they are also water_

A

fats; enzymes; digest; repellent

70
Q

phospholipids have _ head and _ tails/all cells are surrounded by _ membrane that contains several types of phospholipids/they resemble _ but _ in 3 of the fatty acids is replaced by a _ group

A

hydrophillic; hydrophobic; plasma; oils; 1; phosphate

Bio 1001 (6 decks)

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