Week 6 Flashcards
Testing multitasking skills:
Type 1: The simultaneous execution of two or more processing activities at the same time. –> psychological refractory period.
Type 2: Task switchting –> Two or more (simple) tasks back to back, switch costs.
Multitasking is a combination of:
- Simultaneous cognitive processing
- Task switching
- Automaticity
Theories about attention:
- Bottleneck theory of attention (attention to one task at the time)
- Scattered attention hypothesis (long term media multi tasking weakens attention control)
- Trained attention hypothesis: training and improvement –> mentale flexibiliteit
Cognitive control processes
- Focusing attention on goal-relevant information
- Filtering irrelevant information
- Switching efficiently between tasks
- Retaining information temporarily
Age of internet: what is challenging:
- Do not share a common baseline of facts
- A high choice environment
- Highly opinionated and contentious information
- Inaccurate information
Anxious metaphors
- Cyberbalkanization –> fragmentation media landscape, niche media
- Echo chamber –> hearing pre-existing beliefs
- Selective exposure –> algorithms/filter bubbles
Selective exposure make existing attitudes more:
- detailed
- secure
- accessible
- extreme
What is credibility?
- Quality of information –> believability of information
- Authority –> expertise of the information source of message as interpreted by the information receiver
- Trust –> trustworthiness
Credibility evaluation decision based on:
- Site or source cues
- Author cues
- Message cues
- Receiver characteristics
Engaging in the processing information:
- Decoding (understanding)
- Storage (memory)
- Retrieval (further actions)
Prominence can be affected by:
- User characteristics
- Contextual factors
- The artifact
Interpretation effected by:
- Previous assumptions
- background
- Prior experiences / Knowledge
- Goals
Elaboration likelihood model
- Motivation
- Ability
Heuristic-systematic model
- Systematic: more deeply a wider range of author, message and medium cues.
- Heuristic: relying of faster examination of credibility
Challenges for credibility evaluation networked technologies:
- Amount of information is infinite
- Online information less filtered of selected
- Lack authority indicators
- few/no quality control standards
- Conflation of content types
- Context deficit leading to source information
- Often many targets for credibility evaluation
- unpredicted amount of information
- Disintermediation –> force individuals to evaluate info on their own
- Impossible for gatekeepers to filter out right information.
Motivated people should check website for
- Accuracy (free of errors)
- Authority (credible)
- Objectivity (why written)
- Currency (date of text)
Cognitive heuristic used for credibility evaluation:
- Reputation (familiar)
- Endorsement (Trusted by others, bandwagon heuristic)
- Consistency (consistent over variation)
- Self-confirmation (line with pre-existing beliefs)
- Expectancy violation (source fails to meet expectation)
- Persuasive intent (biased, negative credibility cues)
Warranting theory (Walther , Stone)
Information that cannot easily be manipulated is seen as more credible.
- Self-presentation –> higher warranting value
Assumption of the credibility of online news:
- Information congruent with political attitude –> more credible
- Information source congruent with political beliefs –> more credible
Prediction of positive attitude online health claims?
Dependent / Independent variables:
Dependent variables:
- Attitude towards advice in video
- Intention to use advice
Independent variables:
- Faith in institution
- Need of cognition
- Previous CAM use
- Health status
- Education level
- Age
- Sex
CAM list of practices, how often used in the previous year?
- Whole medical system
- Biology- based practicers
- Energy medicine
- Manipulated and body based practices
- Mind-body interventions
Integrative health:
- Conventional medicine
- Complementary health & alternative medicine
- Self-care
Psychology refractory period: two choice-reaction time task
- Task switching (difficult to switch)
- Switch costs (delay new task, repeating old one is faster)
- Automaticity
Prominence-interpretation theory:
Credibility when
- Noticing a cue (prominence –> characteristics, contextual factors and artifact evaluated)
- Making a judgement about that cue (interpretation = positive/negative)
Duel processing model of credibility assessment;
motivation and ability –> how users evaluate credibility
Influence credibility judgments:
- Need for cognition
- Flexible thinking
- Faith in institution
- Social trust
Disintermediation (Metzger & Flanigan)
Process that forces individuals to evaluate the vast amounts of online information on their own.
Limited capacity model:
People engage in the processing information by:
1. Decoding –> understanding
2. Storage –> working memory
3. Retrieval –> using further actions
Personality characteristics: people more concerned about credibility information –>
- Higher need of cognition
- Lower on social trust in others online
- Lower faith in institution
