Week 6

Question 1

Testing multitasking skills:

Answer 1

Type 1: The simultaneous execution of two or more processing activities at the same time. –> psychological refractory period.
Type 2: Task switchting –> Two or more (simple) tasks back to back, switch costs.

Question 2

Multitasking is a combination of:

Answer 2

1. Simultaneous cognitive processing
2. Task switching
3. Automaticity

Question 3

Theories about attention:

Answer 3

• Bottleneck theory of attention (attention to one task at the time)
• Scattered attention hypothesis (long term media multi tasking weakens attention control)
• Trained attention hypothesis: training and improvement –> mentale flexibiliteit

Question 4

Cognitive control processes

Answer 4

1. Focusing attention on goal-relevant information
2. Filtering irrelevant information
3. Switching efficiently between tasks
4. Retaining information temporarily

Question 5

Age of internet: what is challenging:

Answer 5

1. Do not share a common baseline of facts
2. A high choice environment
3. Highly opinionated and contentious information
4. Inaccurate information

Question 6

Anxious metaphors

Answer 6

1. Cyberbalkanization –> fragmentation media landscape, niche media
2. Echo chamber –> hearing pre-existing beliefs
3. Selective exposure –> algorithms/filter bubbles

Question 7

Selective exposure make existing attitudes more:

Answer 7

• detailed
• secure
• accessible
• extreme

Question 8

What is credibility?

Answer 8

1. Quality of information –> believability of information
2. Authority –> expertise of the information source of message as interpreted by the information receiver
3. Trust –> trustworthiness

Question 9

Credibility evaluation decision based on:

Answer 9

1. Site or source cues
2. Author cues
3. Message cues
4. Receiver characteristics

Question 10

Engaging in the processing information:

Answer 10

1. Decoding (understanding)
2. Storage (memory)
3. Retrieval (further actions)

Question 11

Prominence can be affected by:

Answer 11

1. User characteristics
2. Contextual factors
3. The artifact

Question 12

Interpretation effected by:

Answer 12

• Previous assumptions
• background
• Prior experiences / Knowledge
• Goals

Question 13

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 13

• Motivation
• Ability

Question 14

Heuristic-systematic model

Answer 14

• Systematic: more deeply a wider range of author, message and medium cues.
• Heuristic: relying of faster examination of credibility

Question 15

Challenges for credibility evaluation networked technologies:

Answer 15

1. Amount of information is infinite
2. Online information less filtered of selected
3. Lack authority indicators
4. few/no quality control standards
5. Conflation of content types
6. Context deficit leading to source information
7. Often many targets for credibility evaluation
8. unpredicted amount of information
9. Disintermediation –> force individuals to evaluate info on their own
10. Impossible for gatekeepers to filter out right information.

Question 16

Motivated people should check website for

Answer 16

1. Accuracy (free of errors)
2. Authority (credible)
3. Objectivity (why written)
4. Currency (date of text)

Question 17

Cognitive heuristic used for credibility evaluation:

Answer 17

1. Reputation (familiar)
2. Endorsement (Trusted by others, bandwagon heuristic)
3. Consistency (consistent over variation)
4. Self-confirmation (line with pre-existing beliefs)
5. Expectancy violation (source fails to meet expectation)
6. Persuasive intent (biased, negative credibility cues)

Question 18

Warranting theory (Walther , Stone)

Answer 18

Information that cannot easily be manipulated is seen as more credible.
- Self-presentation –> higher warranting value

Question 19

Assumption of the credibility of online news:

Answer 19

1. Information congruent with political attitude –> more credible
2. Information source congruent with political beliefs –> more credible

Question 20

Prediction of positive attitude online health claims?

Dependent / Independent variables:

Answer 20

Dependent variables:
- Attitude towards advice in video
- Intention to use advice

Independent variables:
- Faith in institution
- Need of cognition
- Previous CAM use
- Health status
- Education level
- Age
- Sex

Question 21

CAM list of practices, how often used in the previous year?

Answer 21

1. Whole medical system
2. Biology- based practicers
3. Energy medicine
4. Manipulated and body based practices
5. Mind-body interventions

Question 22

Integrative health:

Answer 22

1. Conventional medicine
2. Complementary health & alternative medicine
3. Self-care

Question 23

Psychology refractory period: two choice-reaction time task

Answer 23

1. Task switching (difficult to switch)
2. Switch costs (delay new task, repeating old one is faster)
3. Automaticity

Question 24

Prominence-interpretation theory:

Answer 24

Credibility when
- Noticing a cue (prominence –> characteristics, contextual factors and artifact evaluated)
- Making a judgement about that cue (interpretation = positive/negative)

Question 25

Duel processing model of credibility assessment;

Answer 25

motivation and ability –> how users evaluate credibility

Question 26

Influence credibility judgments:

Answer 26

1. Need for cognition
2. Flexible thinking
3. Faith in institution
4. Social trust

Question 27

Disintermediation (Metzger & Flanigan)

Answer 27

Process that forces individuals to evaluate the vast amounts of online information on their own.

Question 28

Limited capacity model:

Answer 28

People engage in the processing information by:
1. Decoding –> understanding
2. Storage –> working memory
3. Retrieval –> using further actions

Question 29

Personality characteristics: people more concerned about credibility information –>

Answer 29

• Higher need of cognition
• Lower on social trust in others online
• Lower faith in institution