week 6

Question 1

psycho social functioning

Answer 1

psyche= mind > our thinking, feeling and behaviour
social > our interaction with other people

• how are you functioning in relation to others?
• how do you see your place in society?

Question 2

role nature vs nurture:

Answer 2

• gender differences
• temperament
• attachment
• upbringing

Question 3

Erik Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial development(1963)

Answer 3

people go through 8 life stages (infancy to maturity)
-in each stage you experience a conflict(crisis), a developmental task, that is typical for that stage to develop a certain psychological quality
When dealing ineffectively with this task, you may not develop essential skills and this has its consequences later on in life

Question 4

Developmental tasks

Answer 4

are a struggle between two extremes, with a + or - outcome.

Question 5

1. Infancy

Answer 5

(0 - 1.5 yrs)

Trust vs Mistrust

Question 6

2. Toddlers

Answer 6

(1.5 - 3 yrs)

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 7

3. Preschoolers

Answer 7

(3-6 years)

Initiative vc Guilt

Question 8

4. School age

Answer 8

(6 yrs - Puberty)

Industry vs Inferiority

Question 9

5. Adolescence

Answer 9

(puberty - …)

Identity vs. role confusion

Question 10

6. Young Adulthood

Answer 10

Intimacy vs isolation

Question 11

7. Middle Adulthood

Answer 11

Generativity vs stagnation/egocentricism

Question 12

8. Maturity

Answer 12

Ego-integrity vs Despair

Question 13

Critique to Erik Erikson’s model:

Answer 13

• every culture has different norms and values (a western model)
• better healthcare and technology improve quality of life
• you cannot put development in to stages, it is a wavy process
• not everybody develops according to these stages in this fixed order

Question 14

Value of this model when guiding people through these developments:

Answer 14

• problems could be an obstacle in successfully mastering a developmental task
• not accomplishing a developmental task could also be the root of a problem
• the problem on the surface could be the effect of something more deeply hidden

Question 15

adolescence is a:

Answer 15

social-cultural development

beginning of adolescence is determined by nature and end by culture

Question 16

Neurological changes: (during adolescence)

Answer 16

• further development prefrontal cortex, plasticity (flexibility) decreases by synaptic pruning

Question 17

The puber brain (Eveline Krone, 2012)

Answer 17

we make more decisions with our limbic system
emotions win in the ratio
this leads to:
- emotional outbursts
- need to experience thrills
- first action than you think
- overestimating yourself, underestimate risks
- adolescence egocentrism
- postponing things when they are not rewarding

Question 18

Identity development: James Marcia (1973)

Answer 18

described identity formation during adolescence as involving both exploration and commitment 
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium 
Identity diffusion 
Identity achievement

Question 19

Adolescents use their environment in forming their identity mainly by:

Answer 19

• identification with a role model

- experimenting with clothes, friendship, sex, music, alcohol/drugs

Question 20

relationship with parents changes

Answer 20

you dissociate yourself from that trusted bond

• sometimes more ashamed of them
• more equality
• de-idealisation: your parents are no longer on a pedestal
• negotiating about rules

Question 21

peers and friends become more important

Answer 21

• influence of peers increase
• close friendships offer support
• friends offers social practice and safety (you are a family)
• subculture offers an image (uniqueness and at the same time a feeling of belonging)

Question 22

adolescence egocentrism

Answer 22

Imaginary audience: feelings that everybody is watching you

Personal fable: ‘there is no one like me’ feeling. / unique and invulnerable