week 4 Flashcards
humans are social beings
communication starts on day 1. it is more than just spoken words.
Still Face Experiment
what does the communication theoretical approach focus on?
- approach focuses on communication within families (systems theory)
the problem of one family member is in interaction with the behaviour of other family members (striving for homeostasis)
communication theoretical approach (Watzlawick)
steps?
- the sender has an idea
- the sender codes this idea into a message (based on socialization/frame of reference)
- sender passes along this message -> risk of static
- the message arrives at the receiver
- the receiver decodes it in his own way (based on socialization/frame of reference) -> back to step 1
Assumptions communication theoretical approach (Watzlawick)
- it is impossible to not communicate
- in communication there is a content and relational level
- in communication there are different forms of punctuation possible
- communication can be inconsistent in several ways
- there are different interaction patterns
- psychological problems are a way of communicating
- it is impossible to not communicate
— everything we do is communication and can be interpreted as a message, even silence
- in communication there is a content and relational level
content level= the literal message of what is being said.
relational level= this is how I see you in relation to me in this situation. thus, which relationship is being proposed or being implied between sender and receiver.
-relational proposal: we present us in a certain way (by posture, gesture. tone etc.) “sit down!’ authoritarian tone
digital communication=
spoken and written language - content level is mainly being communicated digitally
analogue communication=
body posture, facial expressions, tone, speed, symptoms, objects, clothes - relational level is mainly being communicated by analogue communication
nonverbal communication=
the whole of communicative messages that is being transferred by gestures, facial expressions, body posture, tone/sound of voice and eye contact - 70-80% is nonverbal
- in communication there are different forms of punctuation possible
punctuation states where the beginning is being laid in communication: what is the cause
- during a punctuation problem we tend to disagree about the cause of a situation
- often the basis of relational problems
- we need to communicate about our communication (meta-level)
- communication can be inconsistent in several ways
inconsistent communication is the presence of contradictions in communication.
- between different communication channels= content level is not in line with relational level or vice versa (incongruence). what you are saying does not seem authentic e.g. the tone doesn’t correspond with the content
- within one communication channel= two different (content) messages e.g. paradoxical commands (making contradictory demands) and double binding
- there are different interaction patterns
when different forms of communication are recurrent in a system, then we are talking about an interaction pattern
two important interaction patterns:
- complementary interaction pattern
- symmetrical interaction pattern
- psychological problems are a way of communicating
psychotic behaviour is a way of communicating: it is an attempt at escaping the dysfunctional family communication
- outdated thought: now we know psychological, biological and social factors contribute to a mental disorder (bio-psychosocial model)
however: communication is crucial and has a big impact
Description or interpretation
-in our communication an objective, concrete description can easily be confused with an interpretation
e.g.
Anne nags that she thinks her job is too hard (interpretation)
Robert had a lunch break of an hour (description)
personal spaces-
intimate zone (0-45cm)= we let people in who we trust personal zone(45-120cm)= distance where we can shake hands. space to talk with each other without having to raise your voice social zone(120-360cm)= the space where we are at a meeting, party, job interview or eating a meal Public zone(>360)=when you are talking to a group or sitting in a restaurant
Transference
origin in the psycho dynamic approach (freud)
irrational feelings of a patient in relation to a social worker
feelings/behaviour of the past are unconsciously redirected to the present situation
Counter Transference
- irrational, inadequate, defensive reactions of the social worker in certain situations, in which he transfers feelings, behaviours and actions that belong to early relationships on to the client
positive vs. negative transference/counter transference
- they can have a motivating or demotivating effect
- difference in intensity and stability
signs of (counter) transference:
- strong feelings
- unfounded familiarity
- role confusion
- oversensitive of critique
Factors that could increase the chance of transference:
- unfulfilled childish emotions
- degree of dependence
- period of stress
how to prevent transference:
- transparent attitude
- reliability/consistency
- straightforward (unambiguous) and consequent
Empathy=
the ability to put yourself in another person’s perspective (understand it) and thereafter sharing this.
client centred therapy - Carl Rogers (1951)
three principles:
- empathy
- unconditional acceptance
- congruence=authenticity
mirroring
giving reflection/mirroring the feelings of a client “you seem sad, when you tell me this”
empathic listening and attitude
- being present and carefully listening
- showing that you see and hear how the other is feeling
- feeling the other person’s world “as if” it is your own
meta level of communication
communication about communication
