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Positive Psychology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Expectation that the future will bring more +ve events than -ve

Flow
Optimism
Gratitude
Hope

A

What is optimism?
• Is the glass half empty or half full (its all about perspective)

  • Expectation that the future will bring more +ve events than -ve
  • Historically, not always viewed as a +ve state: naivety/denial/rejection of God’s plan
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2
Q

the belief that the future will have more bad than good in it (it’s associated with doubt).

Dispositional Optimism
Pessimism
Fear
Low self esteem

A

Pessimism - the belief that the future will have more bad than good in it (it’s associated with doubt).

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3
Q

According to Optimism vs Pessimism:
enduring and unlikely to change

Stable vs Unstable
Specific vs Global
Internal vs External

A

Stable vs Unstable

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4
Q

According to Optimism vs Pessimism:
general causes that affect everything about a person’s life

Stable vs Unstable
Specific vs Global
Internal vs External

A

Specific vs Global

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5
Q

According to Optimism vs Pessimism:
traits that are specific to person rather than external or situationally based.

Stable vs Unstable
Specific vs Global
Internal vs External

A

Internal vs External

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6
Q

Negative thinking that channels anxiety about potential failure into successful achievement

Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Defensive Pessimism
Mental Contrasting

A

Defensive Pessimism - Negative thinking that channels anxiety about potential failure into successful achievement

The individual is able to utilize these worries and negative though patterns (and the anxiety associated) and pushes that energy into getting the individual towards the goal they are after

There are Positive functions of this:

  • Defensive pessimism…
  • Sets low expectations; softens the blow
  • Reflecting on worst-case scenario can aid preparation
  • Mental preparation for obstacles & pitfalls
  • Harnesses anxiety for productivity

NOTE: in an anxious population defensive pessimism serves a positive function

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7
Q

Defensive Pessimism … work in romantic relationships

Does
Does not

A

Defensive Pessimism DOES NOT work in romantic relationships

• Relationship success based on mutual satisfaction, not an objective performance task

* People ‘on guard’ for rejection interpret more behaviours as signs of rejection
	* They are looking for signs of rejection 

* Less satisfied – tend to devalue partners/relationship to protect from possible future hurt
* Defensive Pessimism actually increases rate of relationship dissolution
* Little evidence that Defensive Pessimism actually does cushion the fall

	• Optimists actually recover better post break-up “It could have been worse”/”at least I didn’t marry him”/assign blame externally
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8
Q

Individuals are passionate and confident, which makes them blind to the realistic factors surrounding them

Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Defensive Pessimism
Mental Contrasting

A

Unrealistic Optimism - Individuals are passionate and confident, which makes them blind to the realistic factors surrounding them

  • This is the problem with unrealistic optimism, because these are often solvable problems, that if the individual slowed down they would be able to see these things coming and take preventative action
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9
Q

assessment of control over events should inform degree of optimism

Flexible Optimism
Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Defensive Pessimism

A

flexible optimism: assessment of control over events should inform degree of optimism

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10
Q

there is a certain amount of optimism that is built into human nature that we all have

Flexible Optimism
Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Ordinary Magic

A

Positive illusion: consistent but modest positive bias

What is it
- Although we all vary on our degree of optimism, positive illusions tell us that there is a certain amount of optimism that is built into human nature that we all have

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11
Q

people with mild depression are more accurate in perceptions of the world

Flexible Optimism
Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Depressive realism

A

Depressive realism: people with mild depression are more accurate in perceptions of the world

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12
Q

Our ability to bounce back and even thrive after having faced adverse experiences/serious challenges in life.

Resilience
Hope
Flexible Optimism
Ordinary Magic

A

Resilience

  • Our ability to bounce back and even thrive after having faced adverse experiences/serious challenges in life.
  • It’s a widely shared quality that many people possess, but may not even know that they possess.
  • In the face of adversity our degree of resilience is often revealed.
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13
Q

Resilience is ordinary, and more common than we believe

Ordinary Magic
Flexible Optimism
Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism

A

Masten’s concept of Ordinary Magic is based on the idea that resilient responses to challenging situations are quite common and is not a scarce quality.

Development Perspective to resilience

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14
Q

Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation or development

  • Developmental Perspective to resilience
  • Clinical Perspective to resilience
  • Ordinary magic
  • Self-concept
A

Developmental Perspective to resilience (long-term effects)

Includes 2 factors:
1. Significant threat or risk that has potential to produce –ve outcomes

  1. +ve outcomes despite threat or risk

Resilience can also include – the absence of problems (i.e., no psychopathology, where it could be expected that such could have occurred)

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15
Q

Having a flexible … is a core part of resilience.

  • Self-concept
  • Optimism
  • Hope
  • Self-esteem
A

Self-concept – the information we have/hold about ourselves.

Individuals’ ability to change their self-definition in response to challenging situations promotes their mastery over their environment (increased competence).

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16
Q

The developmental perspective to resilience leads to … , whereas the clinical perspective leads …

  • long-term effects
  • short-term reactions to specific events
A

The developmental perspective to resilience leads to long-term effects, whereas the clinical perspective leads short-term reactions to specific events

17
Q

looks at discrete specific stressors that have happened, which looks at how the individual responds

  • Developmental Perspective to resilience
  • Clinical Perspective to resilience
  • Ordinary magic
  • Self-concept
A

clinical resilience looks at discrete specific stressors that have happened, which looks at how the individual responds (short term)

18
Q

The difference between resilience and recovery is: … focuses on shorter time-frames in response to specific events (shorter-term stressors), where as … focuses on overcoming period of clinically significant symptoms of at least 6 months (usually)

Recovery
Resilience

A

• Resilience - Focus on shorter time-frames in response to specific events (shorter-term stressors)
• Ability to maintain relatively stable levels of functioning after exposure to isolated & potentially disruptive event
○ A disruptive event happened - but they maintained stable functioning, AND even thrive (move beyond pre-event functioning)

  • recovery - overcoming period of clinically significant symptoms of at least 6 months (usually)
    • The individual progressed to a state of dysfunction - its about coming back from that

A disruptive event happened - More gradual return to functioning

19
Q

…. highlights robust nature of the individual’s coping resources, whereas … might be associated with more severe reactions and takes more time for the person to come back to pre-event level functioning.

Resilience
Recovery

A

Resilience highlights robust nature of the individual’s coping resources, whereas recovery might be associated with more severe reactions and takes more time for the person to come back to pre-event level functioning.

clinical psychologists sometimes underestimate the role of resilience, many people experience difficult and traumatic experiences, and they resolve and come back from these experiences to adaptive functioning without going to therapy

20
Q

finding potential for growth & enhancement through suffering

Resilience
Post-traumatic Growth
Environmental Mastery
Truma

A

Post-traumatic Growth

• Beyond bouncing back…finding potential for growth & enhancement through suffering

Functioning beyond pre-trauma levels (Functioning at an enhanced level then they were before the trauma happened)

the changes that happen for us long-term can also be positive. It can change how we see the world and ourselves in a positive way as well.

21
Q

Post-traumatic Growth leads to changes in

Perception
Relationships
Life Priorities
All of the above

A
  • Perception
    • Increased sense of strength, confidence & self-reliance
    • Greater appreciation of fragility of life
    • Perception of self as survivor vs victim
  • Relationships
    • Closer family ties
    • Increased emotional disclosure & feelings of closeness
    • Greater compassion & generosity

• Life Priorities
• Increased clarity of what is important
• Deeper, perhaps spiritual sense of meaning of life
• Commitment to live differently
Less concern with material acquisition & social status

22
Q

Post traumatic growth leads to …, which is the active process of reappraisal of interpretations, or what event may signify
• Allows us to look at a traumatic event in a different way (positive)

Meaning-making
Mental Contrasting
Recovery
Gratitude

A

Meaning-making: active process of reappraisal of interpretations, or what event may signify
Allows us to look at a traumatic event in a different way (positive)

23
Q

The two forms of Meaning-making due to Post traumatic growth are

….: trauma contradicts the way we make sense of life; belief in just world. Needs to be restored

….: related to changes in perception, relationships & priorities.

Benefit-finding
Sense-making

A

• 2 forms of meaning-making:
• Sense-making: trauma contradicts the way we make sense of life; belief in just world. Needs to be restored
- Writing about traumatic events helps this process
- Restoring a sense of logic around the negative thing that occurred - making sense of it

Benefit-finding: related to changes in perception, relationships & priorities (finding the benefits or positive outcomes from the trauma or the loss (negative experience)).

Positive Psychology (8 decks)

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