week 6 Flashcards
What is the definition of a psychoactive substance
Any substance ingested to alter thought processes, mood, or behaviour. Most substances of abuse are legal ones (caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sugar), and deaths from opiod pain relievers exceed illegal drugs
illicit substance prevelance
Lifetime use 43% (2019) •Cannabis – 11.6% (12-month)•Cocaine – 4.2% (12-month)•Ecstasy – 3% (12-month)•Inhalants – 1.4% (12-month)•Ketamine – 0.9% (12-month)
What is the definition of substance USE
Taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with everyday and social functioning
What is the definition of substance intoxication
Physiological reaction to ingestion (being drunk or high)
what is the definition of substance abuse
Use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment (e.g., affecting job or relationships)•Defining abuse by amount ingested is problematic•Usually defined according to impact on functioning
Substance use disorder DSM 5
four main criteria, need at least 2.
- impaired control
- social impairment
- risky use
- tolerance and withdrawl.
WHat does impaired control mean in this context
- using for longer than intended, or using larger amounts than intended.
- wanting to reduce use, but unsucsessful
- spending excessive time getting/using/recovering from drug use
- cravings that are so intense its difficult to think of anything else
What does social impairment mean in this context
- continue to use despite problems at work/school/family obligations
- continues to use despite interpersonal problems
- important and meaningul social and recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of sbstance abuse
what does risky use mean in this context
repeatedly using substance in physically dangerous situations
-continue use although worsening or causing physical or psychological problems
What is drug tolerance
you need more to get the same high (e.g. when arron had to take 5 pingas)
diminished effect with continued use of same amount
What is withdrawal
•Physical reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use•Can be alleviated by same or similar substance. Symptoms usually opposite of effects. For instance, euphoria becomes dysphoria, relaxation
Genetics and alcohol
Genetic factors involved in alcohol use, heredity a factor on about 50%. association in biological and nonadoptive parents. Binge drinking more related to environment, social influences
neurotransmitters and drugs
some drugs directly activate certain neurotransmitters, with each neurotransmitters responsible for different efffects, (dopamine is activate with meth and cocaine).
Some drugs stimulate or depress neurotransmitters. Smoe drugs disrupt more than one neurotransmitters, since the increase in production of one neurotransmitter might do something to another (indirect activation)..
Behavioural perspective on drug use
reinforcement of drugs since its a good high, good feeling. self medication, tension reduction.
Psychological theoreis of addiction
Opponent-process theory. believes emotion acts in opposite pairs, pairs of pleasure and withdrawal. people in the end are taking drugs just to prevent withdrawal.
Integrative model of SUDS
Exposure to a drug is necessary, but not sufficent. Drug use depends on social and cultural expectations, positive and negative reinforcement, genetic predispostions and biological factors, psychosocial stressors
Diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder
A) a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occuring within a 12 month period.
The following is a bloody 11 points long, but im sure you can imagine it. Tolerance, withdrawal, missing social things, craving, etc.
Mild: 2-3 symptoms
moderate: presence of 4-5 symptoms
Severe; presence of 6 or more symptoms
the progression of Alcohol related disorders
20% stop drinking on their own. Dependence develops over time, but course may be vairable. Alcohol and violence go together like a horse and carriage.
What does booze do to the brain?
CNS depressant, influences several neurotransmitter systems, espcially GABA. INcreases inhibitatory effects, makes neural cells worse at firing. Can get Delirium Tremens (DTs) when withdrawing from severe use. can cause fetal alchol syndrome, impaired growth etc
Sedative, Anxiolytic, and Hypnotic class.
Sedatives calm, Anxiolytic reduces anxiety, Hypnotics inducde sleep. Tranquilizing effect, acts on GABA receptors. More common among 35+. Similar effect to booze, though combining with booze is dangerous. The DSM criteria is the same as other substance use disorders
Stimulants
Most widely consumed drugs in the US, increases altertness and increases energy. Noted for its impairment and psychological changes, accompanied by physical changes (dilated pupils, weight loss, vomiting, heart rate)
Amphetamineeees.
procudes elation, vigor, no sleep for you, withdrawal involves extreme fatigue and depression. Amphetamines stimulate CNS, enhances release of norepinephrine and dopamine, reuptake is blocked.
MDMA, Adderall, ritalin, meth
Cocaine-related disorders
Effects of cocaine, short lived sensations of elation, vigor, fatigue reduction. effects result from blocking the reuptake of dopamine. highly addictive but addiction develops slowly, 1.9 mill report use in US each year. Tolerance and withdrawal are the two big players here
Opioids
opiate: natural chemical in the opium poppy, narcotic effect
opioids: natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects. often referred to as analgesics (painkillers). lowers bodys enkephanlins and endorphins. low doses induce euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing. high doses can equal death, and withdrawals are awful.
Cannabis-related disorders
mild hallucinogen, most used illegal drug. Variable, individual reactions. may incude eurphoria, mood swings, paranoia, etc. Dependence and withdrawl uncommon.
