week 6

Question 1

What is the definition of a psychoactive substance

Answer 1

Any substance ingested to alter thought processes, mood, or behaviour. Most substances of abuse are legal ones (caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sugar), and deaths from opiod pain relievers exceed illegal drugs

Question 2

illicit substance prevelance

Answer 2

Lifetime use 43% (2019) •Cannabis – 11.6% (12-month)•Cocaine – 4.2% (12-month)•Ecstasy – 3% (12-month)•Inhalants – 1.4% (12-month)•Ketamine – 0.9% (12-month)

Question 3

What is the definition of substance USE

Answer 3

Taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with everyday and social functioning

Question 4

What is the definition of substance intoxication

Answer 4

Physiological reaction to ingestion (being drunk or high)

Question 5

what is the definition of substance abuse

Answer 5

Use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment (e.g., affecting job or relationships)•Defining abuse by amount ingested is problematic•Usually defined according to impact on functioning

Question 6

Substance use disorder DSM 5

Answer 6

four main criteria, need at least 2.

1. impaired control
2. social impairment
3. risky use
4. tolerance and withdrawl.

Question 7

WHat does impaired control mean in this context

Answer 7

1. using for longer than intended, or using larger amounts than intended.
2. wanting to reduce use, but unsucsessful
3. spending excessive time getting/using/recovering from drug use
4. cravings that are so intense its difficult to think of anything else

Question 8

What does social impairment mean in this context

Answer 8

1. continue to use despite problems at work/school/family obligations
2. continues to use despite interpersonal problems
3. important and meaningul social and recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of sbstance abuse

Question 9

what does risky use mean in this context

Answer 9

repeatedly using substance in physically dangerous situations
-continue use although worsening or causing physical or psychological problems

Question 10

What is drug tolerance

Answer 10

you need more to get the same high (e.g. when arron had to take 5 pingas)
diminished effect with continued use of same amount

Question 11

What is withdrawal

Answer 11

•Physical reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use•Can be alleviated by same or similar substance. Symptoms usually opposite of effects. For instance, euphoria becomes dysphoria, relaxation

Question 12

Genetics and alcohol

Answer 12

Genetic factors involved in alcohol use, heredity a factor on about 50%. association in biological and nonadoptive parents. Binge drinking more related to environment, social influences

Question 13

neurotransmitters and drugs

Answer 13

some drugs directly activate certain neurotransmitters, with each neurotransmitters responsible for different efffects, (dopamine is activate with meth and cocaine).
Some drugs stimulate or depress neurotransmitters. Smoe drugs disrupt more than one neurotransmitters, since the increase in production of one neurotransmitter might do something to another (indirect activation)..

Question 14

Behavioural perspective on drug use

Answer 14

reinforcement of drugs since its a good high, good feeling. self medication, tension reduction.

Question 15

Psychological theoreis of addiction

Answer 15

Opponent-process theory. believes emotion acts in opposite pairs, pairs of pleasure and withdrawal. people in the end are taking drugs just to prevent withdrawal.

Question 16

Integrative model of SUDS

Answer 16

Exposure to a drug is necessary, but not sufficent. Drug use depends on social and cultural expectations, positive and negative reinforcement, genetic predispostions and biological factors, psychosocial stressors

Question 17

Diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder

Answer 17

A) a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occuring within a 12 month period.
The following is a bloody 11 points long, but im sure you can imagine it. Tolerance, withdrawal, missing social things, craving, etc.
Mild: 2-3 symptoms
moderate: presence of 4-5 symptoms
Severe; presence of 6 or more symptoms

Question 18

the progression of Alcohol related disorders

Answer 18

20% stop drinking on their own. Dependence develops over time, but course may be vairable. Alcohol and violence go together like a horse and carriage.

Question 19

What does booze do to the brain?

Answer 19

CNS depressant, influences several neurotransmitter systems, espcially GABA. INcreases inhibitatory effects, makes neural cells worse at firing. Can get Delirium Tremens (DTs) when withdrawing from severe use. can cause fetal alchol syndrome, impaired growth etc

Question 20

Sedative, Anxiolytic, and Hypnotic class.

Answer 20

Sedatives calm, Anxiolytic reduces anxiety, Hypnotics inducde sleep. Tranquilizing effect, acts on GABA receptors. More common among 35+. Similar effect to booze, though combining with booze is dangerous. The DSM criteria is the same as other substance use disorders

Question 21

Stimulants

Answer 21

Most widely consumed drugs in the US, increases altertness and increases energy. Noted for its impairment and psychological changes, accompanied by physical changes (dilated pupils, weight loss, vomiting, heart rate)

Question 22

Amphetamineeees.

Answer 22

procudes elation, vigor, no sleep for you, withdrawal involves extreme fatigue and depression. Amphetamines stimulate CNS, enhances release of norepinephrine and dopamine, reuptake is blocked.
MDMA, Adderall, ritalin, meth

Question 23

Cocaine-related disorders

Answer 23

Effects of cocaine, short lived sensations of elation, vigor, fatigue reduction. effects result from blocking the reuptake of dopamine. highly addictive but addiction develops slowly, 1.9 mill report use in US each year. Tolerance and withdrawal are the two big players here

Question 24

Opioids

Answer 24

opiate: natural chemical in the opium poppy, narcotic effect
opioids: natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects. often referred to as analgesics (painkillers). lowers bodys enkephanlins and endorphins. low doses induce euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing. high doses can equal death, and withdrawals are awful.

Question 25

Cannabis-related disorders

Answer 25

mild hallucinogen, most used illegal drug. Variable, individual reactions. may incude eurphoria, mood swings, paranoia, etc. Dependence and withdrawl uncommon.