Week 5 Revision

Question 1

What does TB stand for?

Answer 1

Tuberculosis Bacilli

Question 2

List two groups of people at risk of delvoping TB. Explain

Answer 2

1) poor nutrition as it makes your immune system weaker

2) people with mental health issues because it can lead to poor nutrition

Question 3

What can TB be difficult to treat?

Answer 3

Because TB can become resistant to the medication

Question 4

List two features of TB

Answer 4

1) It can mutate

2) It has a slow growth rate

Question 5

What are the three types of TB? Expain

Answer 5

1) Primary > when someone is exposed to it and they catch it e.g. coughing
2) Secondly > when someone had TB in the body and it has been reactivated because e.g. cigarette smoking, cancer patients, getting old
3) Disseminated > someone who has been dignosed with TB and it is starting to spread to the rest of their body

Question 6

List 2 symptoms of TB

Answer 6

1) fatigue

3) productive cough which lasts longer than 3 weeks

Question 7

How is antibiotic therapy used to treat TB?

Answer 7

It is a 6 months treatment which normally occurs within hospital.

• you have rifampicin and isoniazid for the 6 months
• for the first 2 months you khave pyrazinamide and ethambutol

Question 8

What is given in a BCG vaccination? Why is this given?

Answer 8

A live strain of TB - it causes T lympocytes to devlop to specifically react against tuberculo proteins

Question 9

What does COPD stand for?

Answer 9

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Question 10

What is COPD? Why does it not make a difference for it to be two different conditons?

Answer 10

COPD is someone with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, or both

Because the treatment for them is exactly the same

Question 11

List 2 risk factors of COPD.

Answer 11

2) smoking

3) Air pollution

Question 12

What is emphysema?

Answer 12

The air sacs in the lungs have become damaged. Overtime the inner walls of the air sacs weakened and rupture – creating large air spaces

Question 13

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 13

Inflamed bronchial tubes cause a lot of mucus. This narrows the bronchial, reduced air fly. They start to keep CO2 in the body

Question 14

With emphysema, is the dead space and gas exchanged increased or decreased>

Answer 14

Dead space = Increased

Gas exchange = Reduced

Question 15

What happens to the airways in chronic bronchitis?

Answer 15

The airways become much narrower

Question 16

List 2 causes of asthma

Answer 16

1) Obesity

2) Poor physical fitness

Question 17

What is asthma?

Answer 17

An inflammation and narrowing of the airways making it difficult to breath

Question 18

List 2 symptoms of asthma

Answer 18

1) Coughing

2) Short of breath

Question 19

What are the two types of anti-asthma medication?

Answer 19

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Bronchodilators

Question 20

What are 3 non-pharmacological managements of asthma?

Answer 20

• Weight loss
• Stop smoking
• Breathing exercises

Question 21

What is respiratory failure?

Answer 21

When the lungs fail to oxygenate the blood correctly and/or fails to prevent the body from retaining CO2

Question 22

What are the two types of respiratory failure? Give an example

Answer 22

Type 1 - Hypoxaemix e.g. COPD

Type 2 - Hypercapnic e.g. severe asthma

Question 23

How can hypercapnic be treatment?

Answer 23

Treat the airway obstruction > mechanical ventilation will most likely be needed

Question 24

What is the treatment for hypoxaemic?

Answer 24

Treat the airway obstruction > the patient will need long term oxygen

Question 25

What % of plasma and formed elements are found within blood?

Answer 25

Plasma > 55%
Formed elements (platelets, WBC and RBC) > 45%

Question 26

What is a blood type classified as?

Answer 26

The presence or absence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

Question 27

List the four different blood groups

Answer 27

A
B
AB
O

Question 28

What blood group can only recieve blood from their own blood group?

Answer 28

O

Question 29

What happens to CO2 levels for someone with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 29

A high CO2 becomes normal and a hypoxic drive becomes the stimulus for breathing.

Question 30

List 2 ways TB can spready around the body

Answer 30

1) via the lymphphatic system

3) via the blood stream

Question 31

What is secondary TB?

Answer 31

Reactivation of the bacteria at a later date; until now it has been dormant and under control

Question 32

What are two causes of emphysema?

Answer 32

1) Smoking

2) Pollution

Question 33

What is the hypoxic drive?

Answer 33

when someone with COPD can not get rid of enough CO2 and it becomes normal for them to have low oxygen intake. They rely on low oxygen levels to breath, with high oxygen levels, they won’t breath

Question 34

List 2 changes in the bronchioles as a result of asthma

Answer 34

• Narrowed lumen

- Increased number of muscle glands