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Yr2 HS2131 > Week 3 Revision > Flashcards

Week 3 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In the liver

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2
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Increased urine production

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3
Q

When is insulin secreted?

A

When someone has high blood sugar

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4
Q

What happens in the absence of insulin?

A

Without insulin, glucose can not get into the cells. This results in the cells not being able to funcion correctly

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5
Q

What is a normal range of glucose?

A

3.5 - 8 mmol/blood

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6
Q

What does insulin allow within cells? 3 points

A
  • The energy needs of the cells are met
  • Glycogen storage is refilled
  • The rest of the glucose is converted into adipose tissue
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7
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A disorder where there is a lack of insulin, or an inability to respond to insulin

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8
Q

What happens to the beta cells in type 1 diabetes? When will hyperglycaemia occur? When will it present

A

Beta cells (within the pancreases) are destoryed by the immune system.

Hyperglycaemia will start to show when the person has lost 80-90% of their beta cells

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9
Q

What is polydispia?

A

An increased thirst

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10
Q

What are the 3 main signs of diabetes?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Increased appitite and food consumption, BUT weight loss
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11
Q

Why does polyuria occur for patients with diabetes?

A

As a result of the excess glycose in the blood, the kidneys react by flushing it out of the blood and into the urine.

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12
Q

Why does polydispia occur?

A

As a result of the patient having an icnreased urine output, it will activate the hypothalamic thirst centre. This will then increase fluid intake

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13
Q

What does polyphagia occur for people who are diabetic?

A

No glucose are getting into the cells, therefore they are hungar which causes you to eat more. No matter how much you eat there will be no glucose getting into the cells. Your body will stat to breakdown the adipose tissue to gain energy. So you’ll end up eating more but you will lose weight

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14
Q

List 2 symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Dry mouth

- Lethargic - feeling faint

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15
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

The person can produce insulin, but the cells are not responding to the insulin.

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16
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

The beta cells are being desotryed by the immune system, therefore not enough insulin is being made

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17
Q

List 4 risk factors of insulin resistance

A

1) obesity
2) Physical inactivity
3) Steroid use
4) Smoking

18
Q

Explain what happens in response to insulin resistance?

A

1) The beta cells are producing all this insulin, but it just isnt going into the cells.
2) After a while, beta cells can no longer meet demand, and the blood glucose levels rise.
3) The beta cells then start to shut down and stop producing insulin

19
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Blood glycose levels dropping below normal levels

20
Q

What are four causes of hypoglycaemia?

A

1) Large amounts of alchol
2) Too much insulin
3) Not enough food
4) Excessive exercise

21
Q

What causes hyperglycaemia?

A

Too little insulin, or the body can not utilise insulin that is produced

22
Q

Where is glycose found in the blood?

A

Glucose attaches itself to Hb in RBCs.

23
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Beta cells are no longer producing insulin. Therefore no glucose are getting into the cells > increased breakdown of stored body fat anf adipose tissue. This results in the person starting to loss weight, hwoeer this is dangerous as there will be high ketone levels, which can lead to unconsciousness and coma.

24
Q

List four common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • Infection
  • Surgery
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Poor insulin management
25
Q

What are four common symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

1) dehydration > increased thirst and increased urination
2) hypotension
3) tachycardiac
4) drowsiness > which can lead to a coma

26
Q

What three things must you do to treat Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

1) replace fluid and electrolytes
2) correct pH (bring blood glucose concentration back to a normal level)
3) correct acidosis

27
Q

What is gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes which occurs for 3-10% of pregancies

28
Q

What are three risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

1) family hisotry of diabetes
2) having 5 or more pregnancies
3) history of still births

29
Q

What is diabetes insupidus?

A

Caused by a defect in the synthessi of anti-diuretic hormone, causing an increased thirst and urine output

30
Q

List four therapeutics

A

1) cognitive behavioural therapy
2) heat/cold therapy
3) surgery
4) medicine

31
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance which changes the ohysiological state of an living orgnaism

32
Q

What is pharmacodynamic?

A

How a drug actually chemically working to deal with you symptoms

33
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The effect the body has on a drug over time

34
Q

What are four stages of pharmacokinetics?

A

1) Absorption (route of how the drug is given)
2) Distribution (how is it distributed in the body)
3) Metabolsim (in the liver, what actually happens to the drug)
4) Excretion (how does it leave the body)

35
Q

What is therapeutics?

A

The medicine which deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing

36
Q

Describe the normal physiological response of the pancreas to high blood glucose

A

Blood glucose goes up > insulin is released from beta cells in the pancreas into the blood > insulin helps the glucose to be transported into cells – also to the liver where it is converted to glycogen > blood glucose returns to normal

37
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate the level of blood glucose someone has in their blood stream

38
Q

What is the action of insulin?

A

Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by signalling the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. Insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy.

39
Q

Name the hormones released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels

A

Insulin and glucagon

40
Q

Which organ stores glucose in the form of glycogen ?

A

The liver

Yr2 HS2131 (7 decks)

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