Week 3 Revision

Question 1

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 1

In the liver

Question 2

What is polyuria?

Answer 2

Increased urine production

Question 3

When is insulin secreted?

Answer 3

When someone has high blood sugar

Question 4

What happens in the absence of insulin?

Answer 4

Without insulin, glucose can not get into the cells. This results in the cells not being able to funcion correctly

Question 5

What is a normal range of glucose?

Answer 5

3.5 - 8 mmol/blood

Question 6

What does insulin allow within cells? 3 points

Answer 6

• The energy needs of the cells are met
• Glycogen storage is refilled
• The rest of the glucose is converted into adipose tissue

Question 7

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 7

A disorder where there is a lack of insulin, or an inability to respond to insulin

Question 8

What happens to the beta cells in type 1 diabetes? When will hyperglycaemia occur? When will it present

Answer 8

Beta cells (within the pancreases) are destoryed by the immune system.

Hyperglycaemia will start to show when the person has lost 80-90% of their beta cells

Question 9

What is polydispia?

Answer 9

An increased thirst

Question 10

What are the 3 main signs of diabetes?

Answer 10

• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Increased appitite and food consumption, BUT weight loss

Question 11

Why does polyuria occur for patients with diabetes?

Answer 11

As a result of the excess glycose in the blood, the kidneys react by flushing it out of the blood and into the urine.

Question 12

Why does polydispia occur?

Answer 12

As a result of the patient having an icnreased urine output, it will activate the hypothalamic thirst centre. This will then increase fluid intake

Question 13

What does polyphagia occur for people who are diabetic?

Answer 13

No glucose are getting into the cells, therefore they are hungar which causes you to eat more. No matter how much you eat there will be no glucose getting into the cells. Your body will stat to breakdown the adipose tissue to gain energy. So you’ll end up eating more but you will lose weight

Question 14

List 2 symptoms of diabetes

Answer 14

• Dry mouth

- Lethargic - feeling faint

Question 15

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 15

The person can produce insulin, but the cells are not responding to the insulin.

Question 16

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 16

The beta cells are being desotryed by the immune system, therefore not enough insulin is being made

Question 17

List 4 risk factors of insulin resistance

Answer 17

1) obesity
2) Physical inactivity
3) Steroid use
4) Smoking

Question 18

Explain what happens in response to insulin resistance?

Answer 18

1) The beta cells are producing all this insulin, but it just isnt going into the cells.
2) After a while, beta cells can no longer meet demand, and the blood glucose levels rise.
3) The beta cells then start to shut down and stop producing insulin

Question 19

What is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 19

Blood glycose levels dropping below normal levels

Question 20

What are four causes of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 20

1) Large amounts of alchol
2) Too much insulin
3) Not enough food
4) Excessive exercise

Question 21

What causes hyperglycaemia?

Answer 21

Too little insulin, or the body can not utilise insulin that is produced

Question 22

Where is glycose found in the blood?

Answer 22

Glucose attaches itself to Hb in RBCs.

Question 23

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 23

Beta cells are no longer producing insulin. Therefore no glucose are getting into the cells > increased breakdown of stored body fat anf adipose tissue. This results in the person starting to loss weight, hwoeer this is dangerous as there will be high ketone levels, which can lead to unconsciousness and coma.

Question 24

List four common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 24

• Infection
• Surgery
• Cardiac arrest
• Poor insulin management

Question 25

What are four common symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 25

1) dehydration > increased thirst and increased urination 2) hypotension 3) tachycardiac 4) drowsiness > which can lead to a coma

Question 26

What three things must you do to treat Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

Answer 26

1) replace fluid and electrolytes 2) correct pH (bring blood glucose concentration back to a normal level) 3) correct acidosis

Question 27

What is gestational diabetes mellitus?

Answer 27

Diabetes which occurs for 3-10% of pregancies

Question 28

What are three risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus?

Answer 28

1) family hisotry of diabetes 2) having 5 or more pregnancies 3) history of still births

Question 29

What is diabetes insupidus?

Answer 29

Caused by a defect in the synthessi of anti-diuretic hormone, causing an increased thirst and urine output

Question 30

List four therapeutics

Answer 30

1) cognitive behavioural therapy 2) heat/cold therapy 3) surgery 4) medicine

Question 31

What is a drug?

Answer 31

A substance which changes the ohysiological state of an living orgnaism

Question 32

What is pharmacodynamic?

Answer 32

How a drug actually chemically working to deal with you symptoms

Question 33

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 33

The effect the body has on a drug over time

Question 34

What are four stages of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 34

1) Absorption (route of how the drug is given) 2) Distribution (how is it distributed in the body) 3) Metabolsim (in the liver, what actually happens to the drug) 4) Excretion (how does it leave the body)

Question 35

What is therapeutics?

Answer 35

The medicine which deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing

Question 36

Describe the normal physiological response of the pancreas to high blood glucose

Answer 36

Blood glucose goes up > insulin is released from beta cells in the pancreas into the blood > insulin helps the glucose to be transported into cells – also to the liver where it is converted to glycogen > blood glucose returns to normal

Question 37

What is insulin?

Answer 37

A hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate the level of blood glucose someone has in their blood stream

Question 38

What is the action of insulin?

Answer 38

Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by signalling the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. Insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy.

Question 39

Name the hormones released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels

Answer 39

Insulin and glucagon

Question 40

Which organ stores glucose in the form of glycogen ?

Answer 40

The liver