Week 4 Revision Flashcards
Where does the mycardial tissue supply blood?
The coronary arteries
Where does the pulmonary artery send blood?
To the lungs
What is odema?
Excessive fluid in the tissue spaces
What are the four types of hypoxia? Explain and give one example which can cause it
1) Hypoxaemic hypoxia > Not enough oxygen getting into the blood e.g. COPD
2) Stagnant hypoxia > Oxygen does not get into the blood but there is a resitrcted blood flow, resulting in a failure to transport oxygen e.g. heart failure
3) Anaemic hypoxia > There is oxygen is the body, but the oxygen is not attaching to the RBC because of a lack of RBC e.g. decrease number of RBC
4) Histotoxic hypoxia > There is a problem with the cells using the oxygen e.g. tissue oedema
What is ischaemia?
Decreased blood flow = decreased oxygen flow
What is the number one cause of ischaemix?
Hypoxia
What is arteriosclerosis?
A chronic disease where the blood vessels (mainly in the arteries) harden and thicken
What happens to the lumen?
The lumen narrows, which will then be irreversible
What arteries are mainly affected by atherosclerosis?
Large and medium-sized arteries
What causes the thickening and hardening of the blood vessel walls?
cholestrol building up
List 3 modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
Modifiable:
- Hyperlipidaemia (high levels of lipids)
- Hypertension
- Cigarette smoking
Non-Modifiable:
- Family history
- Gender
- Age
What are four causes of damage to the endothelial cells?
1) Smoking
2) Hypertension
3) Diabetes
4) Hyperlipidaemia
What do lipoproteins do?
transport different types of fat aorund the body.
Explain the difference between low-density proteins and high density proteins
Low density ones despoit the cholestrol into damaged areas in the lining of the blood vessels. The high density ones then take fat out of these blood vessels and take them back to the liver.
What does bile do?
Carries out the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.
Explain the process of how the endothelium is damaged due to atherosclerosis
The endothelium can be damaged by things such as high blood pressure or diabetes.
High blood pressure causes the blood to be travleing through the blood vessel at high pressure, cause friction on the endothelium
The endothelium lining then become damaged causing holes, and clots will start to form in these holes to start the healing process.
The endothelium will then start to grow new tissue around the clot and carry on through the blood vessel. This will result in the blood vessel narrowing
What is advanced atherosclerosis?
When the clot breaks off from the endothelium wall and travels down the narrowed blood vessel
What is the endothelium?
It is tissue within a blood vessels which contracts to allow the blood to move. It also directs the contraction or dialation of the smooth msucle to maintain hoemostasis
List the 3 different areas of where atherosclerosis can form, and give a example for each
1) coronary arteries > heart disease
2) peripheral blood vessels > peripheral vascular disease
3) carotid blood vessels > cerebrovascular disease
What is acute coronary syndrome>
a syndromedue to decreased blood flow in thecoronaryarteries
What is angina pectoris?
chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease - it occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough blood
What are the two types of heart failure?
Right ventricular failure (RVF)
Left ventricular failure (LVF)
List 2 causes of RVF?
1) LVF
2) valve disorders
List 2 causes of LVF
- Hypertension
- Reduced myocardial mass due to MI
