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Yr2 HS2131 > Week 4 Revision > Flashcards

Week 4 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the mycardial tissue supply blood?

A

The coronary arteries

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2
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery send blood?

A

To the lungs

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3
Q

What is odema?

A

Excessive fluid in the tissue spaces

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4
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia? Explain and give one example which can cause it

A

1) Hypoxaemic hypoxia > Not enough oxygen getting into the blood e.g. COPD
2) Stagnant hypoxia > Oxygen does not get into the blood but there is a resitrcted blood flow, resulting in a failure to transport oxygen e.g. heart failure
3) Anaemic hypoxia > There is oxygen is the body, but the oxygen is not attaching to the RBC because of a lack of RBC e.g. decrease number of RBC
4) Histotoxic hypoxia > There is a problem with the cells using the oxygen e.g. tissue oedema

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5
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Decreased blood flow = decreased oxygen flow

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6
Q

What is the number one cause of ischaemix?

A

Hypoxia

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7
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

A chronic disease where the blood vessels (mainly in the arteries) harden and thicken

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8
Q

What happens to the lumen?

A

The lumen narrows, which will then be irreversible

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9
Q

What arteries are mainly affected by atherosclerosis?

A

Large and medium-sized arteries

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10
Q

What causes the thickening and hardening of the blood vessel walls?

A

cholestrol building up

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11
Q

List 3 modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

Modifiable:

  • Hyperlipidaemia (high levels of lipids)
  • Hypertension
  • Cigarette smoking

Non-Modifiable:

  • Family history
  • Gender
  • Age
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12
Q

What are four causes of damage to the endothelial cells?

A

1) Smoking
2) Hypertension
3) Diabetes
4) Hyperlipidaemia

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13
Q

What do lipoproteins do?

A

transport different types of fat aorund the body.

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14
Q

Explain the difference between low-density proteins and high density proteins

A

Low density ones despoit the cholestrol into damaged areas in the lining of the blood vessels. The high density ones then take fat out of these blood vessels and take them back to the liver.

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15
Q

What does bile do?

A

Carries out the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

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16
Q

Explain the process of how the endothelium is damaged due to atherosclerosis

A

The endothelium can be damaged by things such as high blood pressure or diabetes.
High blood pressure causes the blood to be travleing through the blood vessel at high pressure, cause friction on the endothelium
The endothelium lining then become damaged causing holes, and clots will start to form in these holes to start the healing process.
The endothelium will then start to grow new tissue around the clot and carry on through the blood vessel. This will result in the blood vessel narrowing

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17
Q

What is advanced atherosclerosis?

A

When the clot breaks off from the endothelium wall and travels down the narrowed blood vessel

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18
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

It is tissue within a blood vessels which contracts to allow the blood to move. It also directs the contraction or dialation of the smooth msucle to maintain hoemostasis

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19
Q

List the 3 different areas of where atherosclerosis can form, and give a example for each

A

1) coronary arteries > heart disease
2) peripheral blood vessels > peripheral vascular disease
3) carotid blood vessels > cerebrovascular disease

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20
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome>

A

a syndromedue to decreased blood flow in thecoronaryarteries

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21
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease - it occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough blood

22
Q

What are the two types of heart failure?

A

Right ventricular failure (RVF)

Left ventricular failure (LVF)

23
Q

List 2 causes of RVF?

A

1) LVF

2) valve disorders

24
Q

List 2 causes of LVF

A
  • Hypertension

- Reduced myocardial mass due to MI

25
Q

When is ventricular failure more likely in the left ventrical?

A

It is bigger, and it has a thicker wall, therefore it has more blood flow

26
Q

List 2 changes to the heart due to RVF

A

1) increases in right atrial pressure

2) Development of dependent peripheral oedema.

27
Q

List 2 changes to the heart in LVF

A

1) Increases in left atrial pressure

2) Development of pulmonary oedema.

28
Q

List 2 signs/symptoms of RVF

A
  • Enlarged liver

- Cyanosis

29
Q

List 2 signs/symptoms of LVF

A
  • Pulmonary oedema

- Orthopnoea

30
Q

Why does fluid move in the body? Explain

A

Fluid is constantly moving between the fluid spaces in the body in order to maintain hydration.
Direction and rate of transfer depends on:
- Hydrostatic pressure of blood
- Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

31
Q

What is osmotic pressure? What is it’s average pressure vuale?

A

The presence of plasma proteins in the blood > the proteins help to keep (or bring) fluid in the blood
Average pressure is between 25 and 28 mmHg

32
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure? What is it’s average pressure vuale?

A

The pushing force exerted by a fluid > pushing fluid into the fluid space

Arterial - 35mmHg
Venous – 17mmHg

33
Q

Where does gas exchange and water movement occur?

A

In the capillaries

34
Q

How do you calculate the net filtration pressure?

A

OP - HP

35
Q

WHat happens if the HP is higher than the OP? And if the OP is higher than the HP?

A

If the HP is higher than the OP then fluid will be pushed into the tissue space
If the HP is lower than the OP, fluid will be taken in from the fluid space

36
Q

How does tissue fluid formation occur? MAYBE

A

At the arterial end (where the blood flow first comes from), NFP will be calculated, and this figure of mmHg will be pushed into the tisseu spaces. At the venous end, the NFP will be calcuated, and then this figure will be psuhed back into the capillary

37
Q

What is the main reason for decreased capillary osmotic pressure?

A

Inadequate production of plasma proteins

38
Q

What is increased capillary permeability?

A

This occurs when capillary pores enlarge or capillary wall is damaged.
Plasma proteins are then able to leak out increasing tissue osmotic pressure .

39
Q

What are two causes of increased capillary permeability?

A
  • Burns

- Inflammation

40
Q

What is a blood transfusion?

A

A blood transfusion is where either blood or blood products are transferred from one person to another.

41
Q

Why does a blood transfusion occur? Explain

A

Blood transfusion occur to replace blood cells or blood products which are lost during severe bleeding or during surgery; or to increase the blood count in anaemic patients. Blood is very important as it carries the oxygen and nutrients your body requires to all the cells.

42
Q

What are the four different types of blod transfusions? Explain

A
  • A red blood cell transfusion is normally required if the patient has anaemia or an iron deficiency.
  • A platelet blood transfusion is normally required when the patient does not have enough platelets, due to cancer or cancer treatments.
  • A plasma blood transfusion helps to replace protein in the blood; this may be required after severe bleeding or if you have liver disease.
  • A whole blood transfusion includes the red blood cells, platelets and plasma.
43
Q

What are two immediate reactions, and two delayed reactions someone can have to a blood transfusion?

A

Immediate:

1) Dark urine
2) Back pain

Delayed:

1) Fever
2) Rise in haemoglobin

44
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

A

Heart attack
Stroke
Heart failure

45
Q

Where is cholestrol mainly made?

A

In the liver

46
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

47
Q

What is required for the synthesis of vitamin D?

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

What two conditions can increase capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Hypertension and heart failure

49
Q

What is peripheral oedema?

A

Excess fluid in the tissues of the legs

50
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Excess fluid in the lung tissue

51
Q

What does infarct mean?

A

A small area of dead tissue as a result of failure of blood supply

52
Q

Why does atherosclerosis of a coronary artery cause angina?

A

When the arteries become blocked, not enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to the cardiac muscle, reuslting in chest pain (angina)

Yr2 HS2131 (7 decks)

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