Week 5: Psychopathology 1 Flashcards
Core symptoms of depression
Feelin sad or very low mood
losing interest (anhedonia)
cannot feel pleasure at all
sometimes feeling guilty
low self worth
problems with sleep
fatigue
attention or concentration problems
DSM-5 criteria
the individual must be experiencing five or more symptoms during the same 2 week period and at least one of the symptoms should be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational or other important areas of functioning
epidemiology of depression
more in women than men
Etiology of depression
biological factors (genetic epigenetic)
personality characteristics (some features, dependent shy or obsessive)
environmental effects (early traumatic events or losing someone or smth
Treatment of depression
medication and psychotherapies are commonly used (CBT is reccomended for mid or low depression)
severely depression antidepressant and psychotherapies can go together
in extreme cases electroconvulsive therapy,
transcranial magnetic stimulation also promising
functional changes with depression
-Smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes
-depletion or transmission abnormalies in serotonin etc
-blunted circadian rhythms (biological clock)
-REM changes
-hormone abnormalities (cortisol and thyroid)
PTSD
An enduring stress reaction post trauma
trauma
a negative event threatening someone’s life or body entity
Criterion A
-Direct exposure
-witnessing the trauma
-learning that a relative or friend was exposed to a trauma
-indirect exposure to aversive details of the trauma usually in the course of profesdsional duties
Criterion B (1): Instrusion symptoms
reexperience below:
-Unwanted upsetting memories
-Nightmares
-Flashbacks
-Emotional distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
-Physical reactivity after exposure to traumatic reminders
Criterion C (1) Avoidance
Avoidance of trauma related stimuli after the trauma:
-trauma related thoughts or feelings
-trauma related external reminders
Criterion D (2) Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma
-Inability to recall key features of the trauma
- Overly negative thoughts and assumptions about oneself or the world
-Exaggerated blame of self or others for causing the trauma
-negative affect
-decreased interest in activities
-Feeling isolated
- Difficulty experiencing positive affect
Criterion E Alterations in arousal and reactivity
Trauma related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma
-Irritability or agression
-risky or destructive behavior
-Hypervigilance
-Heightened startle reaction
-Difficulty concentrating
- Difficulty sleeping
Criterion F Duration
Required
Symptoms last for more than 1 month
Criterion G functional significance
Required
Symptoms create distress or functional impairment (social occupational)
Criterion H Exclusion
Required
Symptoms are not due to medication substance use or other illness
Dissociative Specification
In addition to meetin criteria for diagnosis an individual experiences high levels of either of the following
-Depersonalization: Experience of being outside observer of or detached from oneself (this is not happening to me)
-Derealization: Experience of unreality, distance or distortion (things are not real)
Delayed Specification
Full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least six months after the trauma. Although onset of symptoms may occur immediately
Epidemiology of PTSD
%9 but after natural disaster %30 40
more than half of the patients have comorbid disorder (having more another or more than one mental health problem)
Men with PTSD alcohol substance use addiction depression
women with PTSD phobia, depression, alcohol abuse and addiction
Etiology of PTSD
Not all traumatic events both trauma history and trauma
perfect example of gene environment interaction
Genetic epigenetic effects and some neural or hormonal factors are important
treatment of PTSD
Medication and psychotherapies used.
Exposure based techniques (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) imaginal exposure) can be helpful
CBT, PE
