Week 3: Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
dorsal
the top and back part
ventral
front surface part
anterior
the front end
posterior
the tail end or back end
superior
above
inferior
below
lateral
toward the side
medial
toward the middle
Forebrain
Telencephalon includes the cerebum, this has the cerebral hemispheres whose outer layers are called the cerebral cortex
telencephalon also includes
limbic part and basal ganglia which are called as subcortical regions. it refers to deeper parts
Forebrain: cortex
sulcus, gyrus, fissures/ these structures help the cerebral cortex to cover smaller area so practically reducing the surface area
sulcus (sulci)
reffering to the small grooves here
gyrus (gyri)
referring to larger grooves
fissures
are the bulges
When we refer to the brain lobes we are actually talking about
cerebral cortex lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal lobes.
there are primary areas for sensory information in cerebral cortex lobes
primary somatosensory cortex is upper in the brain
primary visual cortex is in occipital lobe and back in the brain
primary auditory association cortex is in the middle in the brain
There are also insular cortex
responsible for recieving information about taste
primary motor cortex (near to somatosensory)
revieving motor information
thanks to corpus callosum
there is a good communication btw right and left side of hemispheres
Left hemisphere
is dealing with more analytical stuff and serial events. Language abilities are quite related to this hemisphere
Right hemisphere
getting the meaning from its pieces
limbic system vs limbic cortex
Be careful here that the limbic system is referring to a more general concept whereas the limbic cortex is actually the cortex part of it. limbic system is responsible for emotions amygdala and hippocampus: emotions memory learning and motivation
basal ganglia
this baby fish like structure responsible for control of movement (parkinson’s disease)
the second part of the forebrain was
diencephalon
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus are two important parts
hypothalamus
controlling autonomic nervous system as well as conducting our hormonal system (APA axis and stress response)
Thalamus
is a kind of trasfer center of the messages: communication btw lower and upper parts of the nervous system
cerebrum
the largest part has to hemispheres
cortex
is the outer layer animals have smoother cortex
cerebrum cortex 4 lobes
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
frontal
personality and emotions mid 20. higher thinking skills controlling movement
temporal
hearing and other senses language and reading
parietal
senses attention and language
occipital
seeing including recognition of shapes and colors
thalamus
in the center, relays sensory and motor information to cortex, consciousness, sleep and alertness (12 pairs of crenial nerves: brain and body communication)
cerebellum
lower brain motor control coordination, spatial navigation
brain stem
connects the brain to the spinal cord revieving info
pons
breathing
medulla oblongata
regulates heart beat vomiting coughing sneezing swallowing
limbic system
under the cortex processing emotions reward circuit (dopamine). repeat human behavior eating having fun but also addictions
amygdala
processing emotions
hippocampus
managing memories
rapid nerve impulses vs secreting hormones via special glands
hypothalamus: waking up in the morning, the adrenaline flowing when needed
pituitary gland: the master gland growth body temperature, pregnancy and child birth
pineal gland sleep and circadian rhythms (biological clock)
most of cortex is called
neocortex, have 6 layers differ in cell type and density others are allocortex and mesocortex
cortex divided into 3 areas
sensory
motor
association
motor
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex
sensory
primary somatosensory cortex
primary visual cortex
primary audiotory cortex
association
integrations different regions
Injury to frontal lobe
Trauma, Stroke, Infection, Brain Tumors, Dementia Degenerative brain diseases/changes in behavior an inability to problem solve
Broca’s area (frontal lobe) expressive aphasia (understands but not express themselves)
Injury to Parietal lobe
trauma or stroke
attention defficits, contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome(right parietal lobe injured losing control over left side), controlateral homynimous hemianophia (right injury left visual field loss), Gertssman’ syndrome (left parietal lobe injury right left confusion and difficulty in writing (agraphia) acalculia (math problems) aphasia (language) Agnosia (percieve objects normally)
Injury to temporal lobe
most common cause cerebrovascular event (stroke)
agnosia (recognition defficits)
prosopagnesia (failure to recognize faces)
wernickie’s aphasia (speaks fluently but meaningless)
Injury to occipital lobe
trauma, neoplastic lesion, infections and stroke
contralateral homonymous heminophia (lost of vision)
Injury to limbic lobe
epilepsy
dementia
changes in mood
personality or impulse control
psychiatric disorders
disorders of the endocrine system
aphasia
