Week 5 - NCDs Flashcards
What is a noncommunicable disease
A chronic disease not passed from person to person which is generally of long duration and slow progression
What are the 6 characteristics of chronic conditions
- Don’t result from an acute infectious process
- Aren’t communicable
- Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life
- Usually develop and progress over long periods
- Often initially insidious
- Once manifested, there’s usually a protracted period of impaired health
What are the 4 main risk behaviors
Smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use
What are the 4 NCDs that contribute to over 85% of all deaths across the globe
CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes
What is at the top of mental health conditions producing disability and morbidity
Major Depressive Disorder
What are 5 strategies to prevent, cure, and rehabilitate NCDs
Screen for early detection and treatment, multiple risk factor interventions, identifications of cost-effective treatments, genetics counseling and intervention, and research
What is screening
The use of tests on individuals who do not have symptoms of a specific disease to detect diseases
What are the 4 criteria for ideal screening programs
- Disease produces substantial death and/or disability
- Early detection is possible and improves outcome
- Feasible testing strategy for screening
- Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient care
What is sequential/consecutive testing
An initial screening test followed by one or more definitive/diagnostic tests
What are the 3 characteristics of sequential testing
Only one negative test is needed to rule out disease, misses false negatives because if patients receive a false test, testing is over, and there may be a need for repeat screening
What are the 3 elements of Bayes’ Theorem
- The meaning of the pretest probability of the disease
- The measures used to summarize the information provided by the results of a test
- The meaning of the posttest probability of the disease when the test is positive and when the test is negative
What is sensitivity
Probability that the test will be positive in the presence of the disease
What is specificity
The probability that the test will be negative in the absence of the disease
What is predictive value of a positive
The probability of disease if a test is positive
What is predictive value of a negative
The probability that disease is absent if a test is negative
What did the Framingham Heart Study show
High blood pressure precedes stroke and heart attacks by years and often decades while identifying many other risk factors, including patient sex/race
What is cost effectiveness
Concept that combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs
What is net effectiveness or net benefit
The benefits are substantially greater than the harms, even after the value (or utility), as well as the timing of the harms and benefits are considered
What are QUALY
Quality adjusted life years
What are the 3 potential uses of genetic testing
- Predicting risk of disease
- Pharmacogenetic testing
- Reproductive genetic testing
What is pharmacogenetic testing
Provides info. on how people respond to different medications
What are carrier tests
Identify peple who are heterozygous for a normal gene and a disease gene when disease requires both copies to clinically express
How is health created
When individuals, families, and communities are afforded the income, education, and power to control their lives: and their needs and rights are supported by systems, environments, and policies that are enabling and conducive to better health
