Week 5 - NCDs

Question 1

What is a noncommunicable disease

Answer 1

A chronic disease not passed from person to person which is generally of long duration and slow progression

Question 2

What are the 6 characteristics of chronic conditions

Answer 2

1. Don’t result from an acute infectious process
2. Aren’t communicable
3. Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life
4. Usually develop and progress over long periods
5. Often initially insidious
6. Once manifested, there’s usually a protracted period of impaired health

Question 3

What are the 4 main risk behaviors

Answer 3

Smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use

Question 4

What are the 4 NCDs that contribute to over 85% of all deaths across the globe

Answer 4

CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes

Question 5

What is at the top of mental health conditions producing disability and morbidity

Answer 5

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 6

What are 5 strategies to prevent, cure, and rehabilitate NCDs

Answer 6

Screen for early detection and treatment, multiple risk factor interventions, identifications of cost-effective treatments, genetics counseling and intervention, and research

Question 7

What is screening

Answer 7

The use of tests on individuals who do not have symptoms of a specific disease to detect diseases

Question 8

What are the 4 criteria for ideal screening programs

Answer 8

1. Disease produces substantial death and/or disability
2. Early detection is possible and improves outcome
3. Feasible testing strategy for screening
4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient care

Question 9

What is sequential/consecutive testing

Answer 9

An initial screening test followed by one or more definitive/diagnostic tests

Question 10

What are the 3 characteristics of sequential testing

Answer 10

Only one negative test is needed to rule out disease, misses false negatives because if patients receive a false test, testing is over, and there may be a need for repeat screening

Question 11

What are the 3 elements of Bayes’ Theorem

Answer 11

1. The meaning of the pretest probability of the disease
2. The measures used to summarize the information provided by the results of a test
3. The meaning of the posttest probability of the disease when the test is positive and when the test is negative

Question 12

What is sensitivity

Answer 12

Probability that the test will be positive in the presence of the disease

Question 13

What is specificity

Answer 13

The probability that the test will be negative in the absence of the disease

Question 14

What is predictive value of a positive

Answer 14

The probability of disease if a test is positive

Question 15

What is predictive value of a negative

Answer 15

The probability that disease is absent if a test is negative

Question 16

What did the Framingham Heart Study show

Answer 16

High blood pressure precedes stroke and heart attacks by years and often decades while identifying many other risk factors, including patient sex/race

Question 17

What is cost effectiveness

Answer 17

Concept that combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs

Question 18

What is net effectiveness or net benefit

Answer 18

The benefits are substantially greater than the harms, even after the value (or utility), as well as the timing of the harms and benefits are considered

Question 19

What are QUALY

Answer 19

Quality adjusted life years

Question 20

What are the 3 potential uses of genetic testing

Answer 20

1. Predicting risk of disease
2. Pharmacogenetic testing
3. Reproductive genetic testing

Question 21

What is pharmacogenetic testing

Answer 21

Provides info. on how people respond to different medications

Question 22

What are carrier tests

Answer 22

Identify peple who are heterozygous for a normal gene and a disease gene when disease requires both copies to clinically express

Question 23

How is health created

Answer 23

When individuals, families, and communities are afforded the income, education, and power to control their lives: and their needs and rights are supported by systems, environments, and policies that are enabling and conducive to better health