Week 5 - Miscommunication

Question 1

Miscommunication

Answer 1

A sender encodes a message through a certain channel and sends it to the receiver in an environment

Question 2

4 sources of noise

Answer 2

From the sender
From the channel
From a receiver
From the environment

Question 3

Forms of miscommunication

Answer 3

External noise: when a sender and receiver try to communicate and noise is introduced
Negative noise: makes outcomes for others more negative than intended
Positive noise: outcomes for others are better than intended

Question 4

Social dilemma study conclusions

Answer 4

Both generosity and communication lead to benign impressions/trust
Negative behavior is more likely attributed to noise

Question 5

Egocentric bias

Answer 5

When people think more about their own point of view and assume others see things the same way

Question 6

The illusion of transparency

Answer 6

People overestimate the extent to which their internal sensations leak out and are apparent to others.

Question 7

The closeness-communication bias

Answer 7

We believe the closer we are to an individual the more accurate they are at seeing through them
Teasers perceive teasing as more positive than others

Question 8

Empathic accuracy

Answer 8

The ability to accurately judge the feelings, thoughts and intentions of others

Question 9

What makes someone good at EA?

Answer 9

Observer’s degree of empathy
Target’s emotional expressiveness

Question 10

Empathic accuracy model

Answer 10

The ability to accurately infer a person’s thoughts and feelings depends on how threatening the relationship/the topic is

Question 11

Culture - essentialist perspective

Answer 11

It’s how a group of people share similar ways of thinking, which makes them different from other groups.

Question 12

Culture - non-essential perspective

Answer 12

It’s the shared understanding that people create and change as they work or do things together.

Question 13

Descriptive essentialist view

Answer 13

Culture is historically anchored, tradition is an essential part of culture and we learn culture in a society

Question 14

Dynamic constructivist view

Answer 14

Sees cultural identity as something that is constructed and reconstructed in different situations - not static

Question 15

Affective empathy

Answer 15

Refers to a perceiver’s ability to share the emotions they observe in others.
Measured as a stable trait

Question 16

Cognitive empathy

Answer 16

The ability of a perceiver to understand the internal states of targets

Question 17

Why affective empathy and empathic accuracy do not correlate

Answer 17

Understanding the emotions of someone is independent from experiencing those emotions.

Question 18

Under which condition did affective empathy demonstrate a relationship with empathic accuracy?

Answer 18

Only under the condition that the target’s inner experience is translated into expressive behavior.
Target’s expressivity predicted empathic accuracy and also interacted with perceiver’s trait empathy in predicting empathic accuracy.

Question 19

Testing methods for interpersonal accuracy

Answer 19

Testing paradigm (standardized testing)
Vivo paradigm (person-to-person interaction)

Question 20

Locus of accuracy

Answer 20

If power does influence interpersonal accuracy, is it having power that makes people more or less accurate?

Question 21

Locus of accuracy - findings

Answer 21

Higher SES leads to higher accuracy in inferences; powerful people were better at recalling
Lower SES people have higher accuracy than high power people

Question 22

The spotlight effect

Answer 22

People overestimate the extent to which others notice them

Question 23

Corollary of the spotlight effect

Answer 23

People overestimate the extent to which others are likely to notice the variability of their behaviors and appearance over time.

Question 24

Why do people overestimate the salience of their own appearance and behavior?

Answer 24

The difficulty of getting beyond one’s own phenomenological experience, people are more self-focused and correction tends to be insufficient.

Question 25

Anticipating how one will be judged by others

Answer 25

After failure, people tend to expect to be judged more harshly than they actually do

Question 26

Causes for anticipating how one will be judged by others

Answer 26

Anchoring and adjustment: because they condemn themselves for failure, they worry others will too.
Failure to anticipate the extent to which others will empathize with one’s embarrassing experience.

Question 27

Why is the descriptive essentialist view of culture problematic?

Answer 27

People do not simply conform to the rules of a specific culture, they adapt their behavior according to the situation and purpose of interaction.

Question 28

Constructivist understanding of culture

Answer 28

Cultures are not pure limited homogeneous limits, everyone who lives in a certain country belongs to that certain culture, but there are many ways of acting as a member of that culture.

Question 29

Phenomenological approach

Answer 29

Culture has to be understood and interpreted as something an individual is and does
Individuals create their own interpretation

Question 30

Identity negation theory

Answer 30

People exchange both verbal and nonverbal messages when interacting. These exchanges can maintain, threaten, or strengthen someone’s identity (either their group identity or personal identity).
Through experiences and interactions, people learn and shape their identity.

Question 31

Intercultural communication competence

Answer 31

Combining knowledge of different cultures and identities to address identity-related issues

Question 32

Criteria for intercultural communication competence

Answer 32

Communication appropriateness
Communication effectiveness
Communication adaptability

Question 33

Mindfulness

Answer 33

Culture-sensitive and identity sensitive knowledge
Open hearted attitudes
Communication skillset
External code-switching
Internal frame-shifting

Question 34

Dimensions of individualism-collectivism and small-large power distances

Answer 34

The impartial approach
The status-achievement approach
The benevolent approach
The communal approach

Question 35

Intergroup vitality

Answer 35

Refers to how how strong or lively a group feels compared to other groups. Imagine a group of people who speak the same language or share the same culture. If their group is big, important, and has influence, they have high vitality

Question 36

Ethnocentrism

Answer 36

When someone thinks their own group is better than others, leading to negative views about people from different groups.
This can create barriers and make it difficult for the weaker group to blend in or be accepted.

Question 37

Reasons for ethnocentrism

Answer 37

We perceive our ingroup values, culture as correct.
We tend to experience distance from the outgroup.

Question 38

Ethnorelativism

Answer 38

The idea of understanding and appreciating different cultures and groups.

Question 39

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

Answer 39

Captures how individuals experience cultural differences via various change zones:
Ethnocentrism: denial of cultural difference, defense against cultural difference and minimization of cultural difference.
Ethnorelativism: acceptance and integration of cultural difference and adaptation to cultural difference.

Question 40

Intergroup attitudes based on group vitality affect on communication

Answer 40

Groups with high vitality expect individuals with low vitality to accommodate to them
Unfavourable group attitudes (based on ethnocentrism) can hinder it
Favourable intergroup attitudes (based on ethnorelativism) can facilitate it

Question 41

3 communication strategies

Answer 41

Convergence accommodation: when two people adjust their speaking styles to be more similar to each other
Divergence or non-accommodation: when people emphasize their differences in how they communicate
Maintenance: people keep their original way of talking, no matter how the other person communicates

Question 42

Middle Way Approach-Based Dialogue

Answer 42

To resolve intergroup conflicts:
1. Dialogue is key
2. Finding a positive relationship
3. Respecting each other’s dignity
4. Creative thinking helps find solutions
5. Finding a middle ground

Question 43

Mindfulness (Budhist practice)

Answer 43

Attending to one’s own internal assumptions, emerging emotions, intentions, cognitions, attitudes and behaviors

Question 44

Mindfulness (Western lens)

Answer 44

Attuning to the other person’s communication, assumptions, attitudes, perspectives and communication styles

Question 45

Prism of mindfulness

Answer 45

1. Being present in the immediate time and space orientation
2. Meta-cognition awareness: being aware of your thoughts and feelings as they happen
3. Affective attainment: being in touch with your emotions and understanding them