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ASC273 Animal Nutrition > Week 5: Mineral Nutrition (Principles and Ca nutrition) > Flashcards

Week 5: Mineral Nutrition (Principles and Ca nutrition) Flashcards

1
Q

What bodily functions do minerals support?

A
  • structural
  • enzymes/cofactors
  • regulating osmotic pressure
  • pH
  • nerve and muscle function
  • vitamin, blood cell and hormone synthesis
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2
Q

Where are minerals stored?

A

Minerals are held in different compartments.

They have a central reserve plus one or more reserves.

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3
Q

Most minerals have a catalytic function.

What does catalysis mean?

A

Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance

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4
Q

Minerals can occur as three absorption rates which are?

A
  • Easily absorbed
  • Partially absorbed
  • Not absorbed
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5
Q

Minerals can be converted between different forms which is dependent on what?

A

pH

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6
Q

What are some examples of mineral availability?

A
  • P often present as phytic acid(need phytases to access)
  • Availability in milk higher than solid food
  • Chelated minerals (protective coating, enzymes can change chelation and make it available through digestion)
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7
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium Ca

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8
Q

What is Ca essential for?

A
  • bone and teeth development
  • enzyme systems for normal muscle and nerve function
  • blood clotting
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9
Q

What is the blood calcium homeostasis level?

A

80-120 mg/L

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10
Q

What are good sources for Ca?

A
  • milk
  • legumes
  • animal prouducts containing bone
  • grains low
  • limestone
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11
Q

What happens when there is excessive Phosphoros P?

A

P binds to Ca, reducing Ca absorption

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12
Q

What happens if there is deficiency of vit D?

A

Prevents proper Ca utilisation

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13
Q

What is the recommended Ca:P ratio?

A

Between 1:1 and 2:1

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14
Q

What are the two forms of Vit D?

A
  • Vit D2 (ergocalciferol)
    - ergosterol precurser
  • Vit D3 (cholecalciferol)
    - 7-dehydrocholestrol precursor
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15
Q

Where is Vit D found?

A

Cut forages

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16
Q

Where is Vit D produced?

A

In the skin by exposure to UV light

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17
Q

Where is Vit D stored?

A

Liver - sits there until required

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18
Q

What happens when Vit D works with the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

Maintains plasma Ca concentration through resorption and absorption

19
Q

What are some effects of Ca deficiency and excess P?

A
  • Rickets
  • Developmental orthopaedic disease
  • Osteomalacia
  • Brittle bone
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Milk fever
20
Q

What is Hypocalcaemia and what are the symptoms?

A

MILK FEVER

  • Inappetence
  • Lateral recumbancy
  • Coma and death
  • Plasma [Ca]
21
Q

What causes hypocalcaemia?

A

Inability to absorb from gut and mobilise from bone enough Ca to meet sudden demand imposed on plasma Ca pool by lactogeneisis

22
Q

Where is Ca absorbed from?

A

The gut when needed. The efficiency declines as diet Ca increases

23
Q

How much Potassium K can be found in pastures?

A

4 - 5 % depends on fertiliser and can peak in winter

24
Q

What does K help retain?

A

Plasma Ca but decreases loss of Ca through urine

25
Q

What happens with excess K?

A

Causes metabolic alkalosis

Can reduce Mg plasma

26
Q

What can alter Ca homeostasis?

A

Hypomagnesaemia

  • less able to mobilise Ca from bone
27
Q

How much Mg Magnesium is needed in the diet?

A

0.2-0.4% and is poorly absorbed

28
Q

What can high P cause?

A

Increased mobilisation of Ca from bone regardless of Ca in the diet.

Induce hypocalcemia (inhibits PTH action on renal tissue)

29
Q

What is DCAD?

A

Dietary Cation-Anion DIfference

30
Q

What happens when you lower DCAD?

A

Reduces blood and urine pH which improves Ca homeostasis

31
Q

Which mineral has the most known functions

A

P

32
Q

Where is P concentrated?

A

Bone

33
Q

What is P essential for?

A
  • bone development
  • nucleic acids, phospholipids, phosphoproteins
  • energy metaboloism (ATP)
  • buffers
34
Q

What are good P sources?

A
  • milk
  • cereal grains (often unavailable form)
  • animal products containing bone
  • hays and straws low
35
Q

What happens with P deficiency?

A
  • similar bone disorders to Ca
  • lameness, bone and wood cheweing
  • low fertility
  • poor growth
36
Q

Magnesium is a what activator?

A

Enzyme

37
Q

What does Mg control?

A

Nerve impulses

38
Q

Where is Mg mostly absorbed in monogastrics?

A

Lower half of SI

39
Q

What are some Mg definency symptoms?

A

Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)

  • common in ruminants
  • rare in monogastrics

Tetany results in nervousness, muscle tremors, excessive sweating, rapid breathing, convulsions, loss of appetite

40
Q

What are some good sources of Mg?

A
  • legumes
  • wheat bran
  • Mg blocks
  • Magnesium Oxide
  • magnesium sulfate or chloride in troughs
41
Q

What can Mg availability be affected by?

A
  • Low content in feed
  • lower in pastures than conserved feeds
  • K content of pastures (reduces plant uptake of Mg and absorption)
  • High rumen Digestible Nitrogen in plants
  • Genetics
42
Q

What does Sodium do?

A
  • body fluid reg
  • acid base balance
  • muscle and nerve activity
  • exercising, lactating and animals with diarrhoea need more
  • most feeds are low in Na
43
Q

What does Chlorine do?

A
  • acid base relationships
  • osmotic reg
  • gastric secretion
  • deficiency can cause alkalosis
44
Q

What does Potassium do?

A
  • osmotic reg and acid base balance
  • muscle and nerve function
  • CHO metabolism

ASC273 Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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