Week 5 Microorganisms & Disease

Question 1

the state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects

Answer 1

infection

Question 2

the act of introducing pathogens or infectious material into or on an inanimate object

Answer 2

contamination

Question 3

an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease

Answer 3

true pathogen

Question 4

an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions

Answer 4

opportunist

Question 5

the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease

Answer 5

pathogenicity

Question 6

relative power of an organism to produce disease

Answer 6

virulence

Question 7

dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism; reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

Answer 7

attenuation

Question 8

the microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition

Answer 8

normal flora

Question 9

resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs

Answer 9

drug-fast

Question 10

chain of infection

Answer 10

-Causative agent exists in a reservoir
-Causative agent exits the reservoir and is transmitted to a new host through a portal of entry
-New host may become ill if certain conditions are met

Question 11

factors that influence virulence

Answer 11

-Virulence of the organisms
-Portal of entry and exit
-Number of organisms present
-Resistance of the host

Question 12

a form of infection caused by a pathogen or agent not normally present in the body

Answer 12

exogenous infection

Question 13

organism disorder caused by an infectious agent already present in the body

Answer 13

endogenous infection

Question 14

the first infection that a host has after a period of health from which a second infection develops

Answer 14

primary infection

Question 15

infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection

Answer 15

secondary infection

Question 16

infection caused by two or more organisms

Answer 16

mixed infection

Question 17

a disease with a rapid onset and short duration

Answer 17

acute

Question 18

a disease with a slow onset and long duration

Answer 18

chronic

Question 19

infection (usually acute) occurring at the end of a disease usually resulting in death

Answer 19

terminal

Question 20

a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

Answer 20

communicable

Question 21

a disease that occurs continuously in a particular region

Answer 21

endemic

Question 22

a disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers in a given community

Answer 22

epidemic

Question 23

an epidemic that has become very widespread or is worldwide

Answer 23

pandemic

Question 24

a disease which occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner

Answer 24

sporadic

Question 25

diseases that do not spread from person to person

Answer 25

non-communicable

Question 26

an infection confined to one area of the body

Answer 26

local

Question 27

an infection that involves the whole body

Answer 27

general (systemic)

Question 28

an infection in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body

Answer 28

focal

Question 29

the presence of bacteria in the blood

Answer 29

bacteremia

Question 30

condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood

Answer 30

septicemia

Question 31

the presence of toxins in the blood

Answer 31

toxemia

Question 32

poisonous substances of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin

Answer 32

toxins

Question 33

a bacterial toxin produced within a living cell and secreted into its surrounding medium

Answer 33

exotoxin

Question 34

a bacterial toxin that is liberated only when the cell producing it disintegrates (found only in gram negative bacteria)

Answer 34

endotoxin

Question 35

a coating that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis (immune response) or other environmental extremes

Answer 35

capsule

Question 36

a thick-walled body produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions; allows organisms to assume a “dormant” form

Answer 36

endospore

Question 37

proteins that act as biological catalysts; some microorganisms can produce those that damage human tissues

Answer 37

enzymes

Question 38

Three main sources of infection or broad reservoirs

Answer 38

-Animals or persons ill of the infection -Chronic animal or human carriers -The environment

Question 39

Types of direct transmission (5)

Answer 39

Physical contact Droplet infection (aerosol) – respiratory droplets Sexual transmission Congenital –from mother to fetus Blood-to-blood contact

Question 40

Types of indirect transmission

Answer 40

Food Water Air Milk Fomites (any inanimate object that harbors a disease agent and may serve to transmit it) Soil Zoonoses

Question 41

a carrier that transmits the causative organism of a disease from infected to noninfected individuals

Answer 41

vector

Question 42

an arthropod vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective

Answer 42

biological vector

Question 43

a living organism capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surfaces

Answer 43

mechanical vector

Question 44

portals of entry and exit (5)

Answer 44

skin & mucous membranes respiratory tract digestive tract genitourinary tract placenta

Question 45

mechanical defenses (8)

Answer 45

Skin (epithelium) Mucous membranes Normal microbiota of the skin Oils in the skin produced by the sebaceous glands Necrobiosis Tears Ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract Flushing of urine

Question 46

process by which the epithelial layer of skin sloughs off and is replaced

Answer 46

necrobiosis

Question 47

Physiological defenses (3)

Answer 47

Inflammation Fever Phagocytosis

Question 48

a tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function

Answer 48

inflammation

Question 49

a process in which phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris

Answer 49

phagocytosis

Question 50

chemical defenses (5)

Answer 50

Body secretions Lysozyme Gastric juices (pH levels and hydrochloric acid) Antibodies (immunoglobulin) Interferons

Question 51

an enzyme that uses water to break down the peptidoglycan layer in prokaryotic pathogens

Answer 51

lysozyme

Question 52

glycoprotein substances developed by the body in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen

Answer 52

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Question 53

proteins that respond to viruses to inhibit spread of pathogenic organisms

Answer 53

interferons