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PIMS Microbiology > Week 5 Microorganisms & Disease > Flashcards

Week 5 Microorganisms & Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects

A

infection

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2
Q

the act of introducing pathogens or infectious material into or on an inanimate object

A

contamination

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3
Q

an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease

A

true pathogen

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4
Q

an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions

A

opportunist

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5
Q

the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease

A

pathogenicity

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6
Q

relative power of an organism to produce disease

A

virulence

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7
Q

dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism; reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

A

attenuation

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8
Q

the microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition

A

normal flora

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9
Q

resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs

A

drug-fast

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10
Q

chain of infection

A

-Causative agent exists in a reservoir
-Causative agent exits the reservoir and is transmitted to a new host through a portal of entry
-New host may become ill if certain conditions are met

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11
Q

factors that influence virulence

A

-Virulence of the organisms
-Portal of entry and exit
-Number of organisms present
-Resistance of the host

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12
Q

a form of infection caused by a pathogen or agent not normally present in the body

A

exogenous infection

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13
Q

organism disorder caused by an infectious agent already present in the body

A

endogenous infection

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14
Q

the first infection that a host has after a period of health from which a second infection develops

A

primary infection

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15
Q

infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection

A

secondary infection

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16
Q

infection caused by two or more organisms

A

mixed infection

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17
Q

a disease with a rapid onset and short duration

A

acute

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18
Q

a disease with a slow onset and long duration

A

chronic

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19
Q

infection (usually acute) occurring at the end of a disease usually resulting in death

A

terminal

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20
Q

a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

A

communicable

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21
Q

a disease that occurs continuously in a particular region

A

endemic

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22
Q

a disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers in a given community

A

epidemic

23
Q

an epidemic that has become very widespread or is worldwide

A

pandemic

24
Q

a disease which occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner

A

sporadic

25
Q

diseases that do not spread from person to person

A

non-communicable

26
Q

an infection confined to one area of the body

A

local

27
Q

an infection that involves the whole body

A

general (systemic)

28
Q

an infection in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body

A

focal

29
Q

the presence of bacteria in the blood

A

bacteremia

30
Q

condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood

A

septicemia

31
Q

the presence of toxins in the blood

A

toxemia

32
Q

poisonous substances of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin

A

toxins

33
Q

a bacterial toxin produced within a living cell and secreted into its surrounding medium

A

exotoxin

34
Q

a bacterial toxin that is liberated only when the cell producing it disintegrates (found only in gram negative bacteria)

A

endotoxin

35
Q

a coating that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis (immune response) or other environmental extremes

A

capsule

36
Q

a thick-walled body produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions; allows organisms to assume a “dormant” form

A

endospore

37
Q

proteins that act as biological catalysts; some microorganisms can produce those that damage human tissues

A

enzymes

38
Q

Three main sources of infection or broad reservoirs

A

-Animals or persons ill of the infection
-Chronic animal or human carriers
-The environment

39
Q

Types of direct transmission (5)

A

Physical contact
Droplet infection (aerosol) – respiratory droplets
Sexual transmission
Congenital –from mother to fetus
Blood-to-blood contact

40
Q

Types of indirect transmission

A

Food
Water
Air
Milk
Fomites (any inanimate object that harbors a disease agent and may serve to transmit it)
Soil
Zoonoses

41
Q

a carrier that transmits the causative organism of a disease from infected to noninfected individuals

A

vector

42
Q

an arthropod vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective

A

biological vector

43
Q

a living organism capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surfaces

A

mechanical vector

44
Q

portals of entry and exit (5)

A

skin & mucous membranes
respiratory tract
digestive tract
genitourinary tract
placenta

45
Q

mechanical defenses (8)

A

Skin (epithelium)
Mucous membranes
Normal microbiota of the skin
Oils in the skin produced by the sebaceous glands
Necrobiosis
Tears
Ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract
Flushing of urine

46
Q

process by which the epithelial layer of skin sloughs off and is replaced

A

necrobiosis

47
Q

Physiological defenses (3)

A

Inflammation
Fever
Phagocytosis

48
Q

a tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function

A

inflammation

49
Q

a process in which phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris

A

phagocytosis

50
Q

chemical defenses (5)

A

Body secretions
Lysozyme
Gastric juices (pH levels and hydrochloric acid)
Antibodies (immunoglobulin)
Interferons

51
Q

an enzyme that uses water to break down the peptidoglycan layer in prokaryotic pathogens

A

lysozyme

52
Q

glycoprotein substances developed by the body in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen

A

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

53
Q

proteins that respond to viruses to inhibit spread of pathogenic organisms

A

interferons

PIMS Microbiology (8 decks)

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