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4014PM -Fundamental A&P > Week 5 - Lymphatic & Endocrine System > Flashcards

Week 5 - Lymphatic & Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Main 3 Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid
Transports dietary lipids
Immune responses

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2
Q

What is Lymph Fluid?

A

A collection of extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

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3
Q

How do foreign substances get trapped in lymph nodes?

A

Reticular Fibres within the sinuses of the node

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4
Q

What does Lymph Fluid contain?

A

Contains proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer cells and bacteria.

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5
Q

What cells help destroy foreign substances in lymph nodes?

A

Macrophages or lymphocytes

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6
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?

A

Function as a filtration system

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7
Q

Why is it important for lymph fluid to drain from cells and tissues?

A

crucial in maintaining fluid balance, removing waste products, supporting immune function, and facilitating fat absorption.

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8
Q

How does lymph travel through the lymph vessels?

A

Thoracic pressure, Smooth muscle contraction, and Skeletal muscle all contribute

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9
Q

What is the size of lymph nodes?

A

1 to 25mm in length

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10
Q

What structures divide the lymph node into compartments?

A

Trabeculae

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11
Q

What is the parenchyma of a lymph node divided into?

A

Superficial Cortex and a Deep Medulla

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12
Q

What are the two main regions of a lymph node’s interior?

A

reticular fibres and fibroblasts.

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13
Q

What type of cells are found in the inner cortex of a lymph node?

A

houses T cells

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14
Q

What type of cells are found in the outer cortex of a lymph node?

A

houses B cells

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15
Q

Name the key lymph nodes

A

Submandibular
Axillary
Mediastinal
Abdominal
Superficial Inguinal

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16
Q

Where does the submental lymph node drain lymph from?

A

Central area of the lower lip, the floor of the mouth and the apex of the teeth

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17
Q

What areas of the body does the Submandibular lymph node drain?

A

Collect lymph from the cheeks, the lateral and upper lip, lateral parts of the lower lip, gums and anterior tongue.

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18
Q

What regions of the body does the axillary lymph node drain?

A

breast, chest, abdomen above the level of the navel and skin of the upper limbs.

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19
Q

What are the main causes of interstitial fluid accumulation?

A

A result of pressure exerted from capillaries or from protein leakage into the tissues.

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20
Q

Where does lymph eventually return to the circulatory system?

A

via the left and right subclavian veins and into the vena cava.

21
Q

How does a build-up of interstitial fluid affect blood volume and pressure?

A

Significant decrease it bc it inhibits the return of fluid into the capillaries

22
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

A build-up of fluid in the body causes the affected tissue to become swollen.

23
Q

Which lymph nodes are often removed in breast cancer surgery?

A

Axillary Nodes

24
Q

What are the common symptoms of lymphedema in the elderly?

A

swelling, breakdown of the skin and ‘weeping’.

25
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Chylomicrons are fatty acids that have been digested and converted within intestinal cells

26
Q

What are lacteals?

A

They are Lymph drainage vessels that line the intestine and absorb the chylomicrons into the lymph fluid

27
Q

What are glands made of ?

A

Epithelial

28
Q

What are some Exocrine secretions?

A

earwax, mucus, saliva, digestive juices

29
Q

How does exocrine distribute?

A

Through a duct or onto a specific tissue

30
Q

How does Endocrine distribute?

A

Directly into the blood via ductless glands

31
Q

where does exocrine secrete into

A

Into ducts

32
Q

where does endocrine secrete into

A

Into Interstitial Fluid

33
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Lipid-based
Peptide-based

34
Q

Name the Pituitary Hormones

A

Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

35
Q

What does Growth Hormone (GH) do

A

Regulates metabolism and promotes tissue growth, especially bones and muscles

36
Q

What does Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) do

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

37
Q

What does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) do

A

Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland and promotes growth

38
Q

What does Prolactin (PRL) do

A

Stimulates growth of breast tissue

39
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates the production of sperm, secretion of oestrogen by ovaries, maturation of ovarian follicles, and ovulation.

40
Q

What does Luteinising hormone (LH) do

A

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes and stimulates the secretion of progesterone

41
Q

What does Oxytocin do

A

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterus, contraction of milk ducts

42
Q

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do

A

Increases permeability in distal convoluted tubules in kidneys, contacts smooth muscle contraction in small arteries

43
Q

Where is the thyroid gland in the body?

A

At neck level with 5,6,7th cervical, and 1st thoracic vertebrae

44
Q

Abnormalities of thyroid secretion

A

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

45
Q

Where does the adrenal gland secrete into?

A

Renal Blood Supply

46
Q

Where does the adrenal gland secrete from?

A

the cortex and medulla

47
Q

Process of negative feedback

A
  1. High blood glucose is detected
  2. Beta cells secure insulin
  3. Insulin gets glucose into cells
  4. Blood glucose is low
  5. Alpha cells secrete glucagon
  6. Glycogenolysis occurs and breaks down glycogen
48
Q

What do alpha cells secrete glucagon?

A

Glucagon

49
Q

What do beta cells secrete glucagon?

A

Insulin

4014PM -Fundamental A&P (7 decks)

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