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4014PM -Fundamental A&P > Week 4 - Muscular, Skeletal & Neurological > Flashcards

Week 4 - Muscular, Skeletal & Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

What are main functions of the Skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage

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2
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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3
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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4
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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5
Q

Describe Frontal Bone

A

Forms the forehead, the roof of the eye sockets and most of the anterior portion of the cranial floor.

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6
Q

Describe Parietal Bones

A

Forms the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

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7
Q

Describe Sphenoid Bone

A

Makes up the base of the cranial floor, connecting with all the other cranial bones to hold them all together.

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8
Q

Describe Temporal bones

A

Form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.

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9
Q

Describe Occipital Bone

A

Forms the anterior part and most of the base of the cranium.

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10
Q

Describe Ethmoid Bone

A

A delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor.

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11
Q

Describe Vomer Bone

A

A roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity, forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum.

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12
Q

Describe Maxillae Bone

A

Form the upper jawbone, forming part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity and most of the hard palate.

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13
Q

Describe Mandible Bone

A

The lower jawbone is the largest, strongest facial bone.

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14
Q

Describe Nasal Bone

A

Small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones form the bridge of the nose.

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15
Q

Describe Palatine Bones

A

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

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16
Q

Describe Lacrimal Bones

A

The smallest bones of the face are positioned posterior and lateral to the nasal bones.

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17
Q

Describe Zygomatic Bones

A

Form the prominences of the cheeks.

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18
Q

Describe Inferior Nasal Conchae Bones

A

Separate bones form part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

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19
Q

What are the names and amounts of the bones in the vertebral column?

A

33 in total
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 (5 fused) Sacrum
1 (4 fused) Coccyx

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20
Q

How many bones are in the ribs?

A

12 Pairs
1-7 True Ribs. Directly connect to Sternum
8-12 False Ribs. Indirectly connect to Sternum or not at all

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21
Q

What are the 3 Bones that fuse to make pelvis

A

Ilium, Ischium and Pubis

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22
Q

Name the type of bones

A

Long Bones
Flat Bones
Short Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Irregular Bones

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23
Q

Examples of Long bones

A

Femur, Tibia & Fibula, Humerus and the Phalanges

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24
Q

Examples of Flat bones

A

occipital, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, sternum, ilium, ischium, and pubis

25
Q

Examples of Short bones

A

Carpal and Tarsal

26
Q

Examples of Sesamoid bones

A

Patella

27
Q

Examples of Irregular Bones

A

Vertebrae, Hip bones and Facial Bones

28
Q

Describe Osteogenic Cells

A

Unspecialised Bone Stem Cells, which undergo the cell division. Found in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels

29
Q

Describe Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells that secrete collagen fibres

30
Q

Describe Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells. Majority in bone tissue and maintaining its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood.

31
Q

Describe Osteoclasts

A

Derived from monocytes release enzymes and acids that digest bone

32
Q

Name the Types of fracture

A

Closed fracture
Open fracture
Displaced fracture
Non-displaced fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture

33
Q

Describe Closed Fracture

A

Skin Remains Intact. Typically present with pain, swelling, bruising, and deformity (not always immediately obvious).

34
Q

Describe Open Fracture

A

An open fracture is when the bone has penetrated the skin. Typically caused by falls from height and sports injuries.

35
Q

Describe Displaced Fracture

A

Displaced fractures are more complex fractures as the bones are out of alignment, or there may be several pieces. Displaced fractures may be open or closed.

36
Q

Describe Non-Displaced Fracture

A

Non-displaced fractures are often closed and do not move out of alignment.

37
Q

Describe Comminuted Fracture

A

A bone that has broken into three or more separate pieces. Typically caused falls from height. Commonly found in long bones of the arms & legs and people with osteoporosis

38
Q

Describe Greenstick Fracture

A

One side of the bone is broken, and the other side bends. Commonly seen in children
Typically, it occurs in the long bones – the humerus, radius & ulna, femur and fibula.

39
Q

Describe Ligaments

A

Connect bones to other bones

40
Q

Describe Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bones

41
Q

Types of Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones, voluntary movement.
Smooth Muscle: Found in organs, involuntary.
Cardiac Muscle: Heart muscle, involuntary.

42
Q

Describe an Agonist muscle

A

The muscle that contracts to produce a movement

43
Q

Describe an Antagonist muscle

A

Muscle that is Relaxing/Lengthening

44
Q

What are the ways of making an ATP

A

Phosphagen System
Glycolytic System
Oxidative System

45
Q

Explain Phosphagen System

A

Uses creatine phosphate stored in muscles to produce ATP. It’s the primary source of energy for short activities, like a sprint or a heavy lift.

46
Q

Explain Glycolytic System

A

This breaks down glucose from blood glucose or glycogen stored in muscles. It’s anaerobic (no oxygen) and used for short-to-mid-duration high-intensity activities. Creates a byproduct of pyruvate, which converts to lactic acids when oxygen is limited.

47
Q

Explain Oxidative System

A

It’s used in aerobic systems (requires oxygen) and is used for long-duration activities. It can generate ATP through the breakdown of glucose, fats, or amino acids.

48
Q

Name the main nervous systems

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous Systems
Autonomic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic Nervous Systems
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems (PSNS)

49
Q

How do sensory impulses travel?

A

Via afferent nerve fibres from receptors to the CNS

50
Q

How do motor impulses travel?

A

Via efferent nerve fibres from CNS to effector muscles & glands

51
Q

Divisions of Peripheral NS

A

Somatic
Autonomic

52
Q

Divisions of Central NS

A

No divisions, just the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Division of Somatic NS

A

No Division

54
Q

Division of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

55
Q

Actions of Sympathetic NS

A

Fight and Flight system
Release of Adrenaline
Pupils dilate
Blood vessel dilation (Widen)
Liver releases sugar into blood via glucagon

56
Q

Actions of Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and Digest activities
SLUDD
Decreased HR and BP
Increased digestion
Pupil constricted
Constricted airway

57
Q

What is the acronym of SLUDD

A

S - Salivation
L – Lacrimation
U - Urination
D - Digestion
D - Deification

58
Q

Parts of Nerve Cell

A

Cell Body
Nucleus Dendrite
Axon Terminal
Axon
Schwann Cell
Nodes Of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath

59
Q

Function of cell body

A

Contains the nucleus (DNA)

4014PM -Fundamental A&P (7 decks)

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