Week 4 - Muscular, Skeletal & Neurological Flashcards
What are main functions of the Skeleton?
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage
How many bones are in the body?
206
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
Describe Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead, the roof of the eye sockets and most of the anterior portion of the cranial floor.
Describe Parietal Bones
Forms the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Describe Sphenoid Bone
Makes up the base of the cranial floor, connecting with all the other cranial bones to hold them all together.
Describe Temporal bones
Form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.
Describe Occipital Bone
Forms the anterior part and most of the base of the cranium.
Describe Ethmoid Bone
A delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor.
Describe Vomer Bone
A roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity, forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum.
Describe Maxillae Bone
Form the upper jawbone, forming part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity and most of the hard palate.
Describe Mandible Bone
The lower jawbone is the largest, strongest facial bone.
Describe Nasal Bone
Small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones form the bridge of the nose.
Describe Palatine Bones
Form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
Describe Lacrimal Bones
The smallest bones of the face are positioned posterior and lateral to the nasal bones.
Describe Zygomatic Bones
Form the prominences of the cheeks.
Describe Inferior Nasal Conchae Bones
Separate bones form part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
What are the names and amounts of the bones in the vertebral column?
33 in total
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 (5 fused) Sacrum
1 (4 fused) Coccyx
How many bones are in the ribs?
12 Pairs
1-7 True Ribs. Directly connect to Sternum
8-12 False Ribs. Indirectly connect to Sternum or not at all
What are the 3 Bones that fuse to make pelvis
Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
Name the type of bones
Long Bones
Flat Bones
Short Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Irregular Bones
Examples of Long bones
Femur, Tibia & Fibula, Humerus and the Phalanges
Examples of Flat bones
occipital, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, sternum, ilium, ischium, and pubis
Examples of Short bones
Carpal and Tarsal
Examples of Sesamoid bones
Patella
Examples of Irregular Bones
Vertebrae, Hip bones and Facial Bones
Describe Osteogenic Cells
Unspecialised Bone Stem Cells, which undergo the cell division. Found in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels
Describe Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells that secrete collagen fibres
Describe Osteocytes
Mature bone cells. Majority in bone tissue and maintaining its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood.
Describe Osteoclasts
Derived from monocytes release enzymes and acids that digest bone
Name the Types of fracture
Closed fracture
Open fracture
Displaced fracture
Non-displaced fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Describe Closed Fracture
Skin Remains Intact. Typically present with pain, swelling, bruising, and deformity (not always immediately obvious).
Describe Open Fracture
An open fracture is when the bone has penetrated the skin. Typically caused by falls from height and sports injuries.
Describe Displaced Fracture
Displaced fractures are more complex fractures as the bones are out of alignment, or there may be several pieces. Displaced fractures may be open or closed.
Describe Non-Displaced Fracture
Non-displaced fractures are often closed and do not move out of alignment.
Describe Comminuted Fracture
A bone that has broken into three or more separate pieces. Typically caused falls from height. Commonly found in long bones of the arms & legs and people with osteoporosis
Describe Greenstick Fracture
One side of the bone is broken, and the other side bends. Commonly seen in children
Typically, it occurs in the long bones – the humerus, radius & ulna, femur and fibula.
Describe Ligaments
Connect bones to other bones
Describe Tendons
Connect muscles to bones
Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones, voluntary movement.
Smooth Muscle: Found in organs, involuntary.
Cardiac Muscle: Heart muscle, involuntary.
Describe an Agonist muscle
The muscle that contracts to produce a movement
Describe an Antagonist muscle
Muscle that is Relaxing/Lengthening
What are the ways of making an ATP
Phosphagen System
Glycolytic System
Oxidative System
Explain Phosphagen System
Uses creatine phosphate stored in muscles to produce ATP. It’s the primary source of energy for short activities, like a sprint or a heavy lift.
Explain Glycolytic System
This breaks down glucose from blood glucose or glycogen stored in muscles. It’s anaerobic (no oxygen) and used for short-to-mid-duration high-intensity activities. Creates a byproduct of pyruvate, which converts to lactic acids when oxygen is limited.
Explain Oxidative System
It’s used in aerobic systems (requires oxygen) and is used for long-duration activities. It can generate ATP through the breakdown of glucose, fats, or amino acids.
Name the main nervous systems
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous Systems
Autonomic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic Nervous Systems
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems (PSNS)
How do sensory impulses travel?
Via afferent nerve fibres from receptors to the CNS
How do motor impulses travel?
Via efferent nerve fibres from CNS to effector muscles & glands
Divisions of Peripheral NS
Somatic
Autonomic
Divisions of Central NS
No divisions, just the brain and spinal cord
Division of Somatic NS
No Division
Division of Autonomic NS
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Actions of Sympathetic NS
Fight and Flight system
Release of Adrenaline
Pupils dilate
Blood vessel dilation (Widen)
Liver releases sugar into blood via glucagon
Actions of Parasympathetic NS
Rest and Digest activities
SLUDD
Decreased HR and BP
Increased digestion
Pupil constricted
Constricted airway
What is the acronym of SLUDD
S - Salivation
L – Lacrimation
U - Urination
D - Digestion
D - Deification
Parts of Nerve Cell
Cell Body
Nucleus Dendrite
Axon Terminal
Axon
Schwann Cell
Nodes Of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
Function of cell body
Contains the nucleus (DNA)
